/****************************************************************************
** (c) Copyright IBM Corp. 2007 All rights reserved.
** 
** The following sample of source code ("Sample") is owned by International 
** Business Machines Corporation or one of its subsidiaries ("IBM") and is 
** copyrighted and licensed, not sold. You may use, copy, modify, and 
** distribute the Sample in any form without payment to IBM, for the purpose of 
** assisting you in the development of your applications.
** 
** The Sample code is provided to you on an "AS IS" basis, without warranty of 
** any kind. IBM HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR 
** IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 
** MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some jurisdictions do 
** not allow for the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties, so the above 
** limitations or exclusions may not apply to you. IBM shall not be liable for 
** any damages you suffer as a result of using, copying, modifying or 
** distributing the Sample, even if IBM has been advised of the possibility of 
** such damages.
*****************************************************************************
**
** SOURCE FILE NAME: tbconstr.sqC 
**    
** SAMPLE: How to create, use, and drop constraints 
**           
** SQL STATEMENTS USED:
**         CREATE TABLE 
**         EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 
**         PREPARE
**         DECLARE CURSOR
**         OPEN
**         FETCH
**         CLOSE
**         DROP
**         ALTER TABLE
**
**                           
*****************************************************************************
**
** For more information on the sample programs, see the README file.
**
** For information on developing embedded SQL applications see the Developing Embedded SQL Applications book.
**
** For information on using SQL statements, see the SQL Reference.
**
** For the latest information on programming, compiling, and running DB2
** applications, visit the DB2 Information Center at
**     http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9r7/index.jsp
****************************************************************************/

#include <string.h>
#include <sqlenv.h>
#include <sqlutil.h>
#include "utilemb.h"
#if ((__cplusplus >= 199711L) && !defined DB2HP && !defined DB2AIX) || \
    (DB2LINUX && (__LP64__ || (__GNUC__ >= 3)) )
   #include <iomanip>
   #include <iostream>
   using namespace std; 
#else
   #include <iomanip.h>
   #include <iostream.h>
#endif

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
  char strStmt[384];
  char deptno[3 + 1];
  char deptname[20 + 1];
  char empno[4 + 1];
  char empname[10 + 1];
  char dept_no[3 + 1];
  short dept_noInd;
  char firstname[10 + 1];
  char lastname[10 + 1];
  double salary;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

class TbConstr
{
  public:
    int Cn_NOT_NULL_Show();
    int Cn_UNIQUE_Show();
    int Cn_PRIMARY_KEY_Show();
    int Cn_CHECK_Show();
    int Cn_CHECK_INFO_Show();
    int Cn_WITH_DEFAULT_Show();
    int Cn_FK_OnInsertShow();
    int Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_NO_ACTION_Show();
    int Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_RESTRICT_Show();
    int Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_CASCADE_Show();
    int Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_SET_NULL_Show();
    int Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_NO_ACTION_Show();

    // support functions
    int FK_TwoTablesCreate();
    int FK_TwoTablesDisplay();
    int FK_TwoTablesDrop();
    int FK_Create(char *);
    int FK_Drop();
};

int TbConstr::FK_TwoTablesCreate()
{
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE deptmt(deptno CHAR(3) NOT NULL," << endl
       << "                    deptname VARCHAR(20)," << endl
       << "                    "
       << "CONSTRAINT pk_deptmt PRIMARY KEY(deptno))" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE deptmt(deptno CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
                             deptname VARCHAR(20),
                             CONSTRAINT pk_deptmt PRIMARY KEY(deptno));
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("first table -- create");

  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO deptmt VALUES('A00', 'ADMINISTRATION')," << endl
       << "                         ('B00', 'DEVELOPMENT')," << endl
       << "                         ('C00', 'SUPPORT')" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO deptmt VALUES('A00', 'ADMINISTRATION'), "
                  "                       ('B00', 'DEVELOPMENT'), "
                  "                       ('C00', 'SUPPORT') ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("first table -- insert");

  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE empl(empno CHAR(4)," << endl
       << "                   empname VARCHAR(10)," << endl
       << "                   dept_no CHAR(3))" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl(empno CHAR(4),
                            empname VARCHAR(10),
                            dept_no CHAR(3));
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("second table -- create");

  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl VALUES('0010', 'Smith', 'A00')," << endl
       << "                        ('0020', 'Ngan', 'B00')," << endl
       << "                        ('0030', 'Lu', 'B00')," << endl
       << "                        ('0040', 'Wheeler', 'B00')," << endl
       << "                        ('0050', 'Burke', 'C00')," << endl
       << "                        ('0060', 'Edwards', 'C00')," << endl
       << "                        ('0070', 'Lea', 'C00')" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl VALUES('0010', 'Smith', 'A00'), "
                  "                      ('0020', 'Ngan', 'B00'), "
                  "                      ('0030', 'Lu', 'B00'), "
                  "                      ('0040', 'Wheeler', 'B00'), "
                  "                      ('0050', 'Burke', 'C00'), "
                  "                      ('0060', 'Edwards', 'C00'), "
                  "                      ('0070', 'Lea', 'C00')  ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("second table -- insert");

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::FK_TwoTablesCreate

int TbConstr::FK_TwoTablesDisplay()
{
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n  SELECT * FROM deptmt" << endl;
  cout << "    DEPTNO  DEPTNAME      " << endl;
  cout << "    ------- --------------" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "SELECT * FROM deptmt");

  EXEC SQL PREPARE stmt1 FROM :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("stmt1 -- prepare");

  EXEC SQL DECLARE c1 CURSOR FOR stmt1;

  EXEC SQL OPEN c1;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- open");

  EXEC SQL FETCH c1 INTO :deptno, :deptname;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- fetch");

  while (sqlca.sqlcode != 100)
  {
    cout << "    " << setw(7) << deptno
         << " " << setw(20) << deptname << endl;

    EXEC SQL FETCH c1 INTO :deptno, :deptname;
    EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- fetch");
  }

  EXEC SQL CLOSE c1;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- close");

  cout << "\n  SELECT * FROM empl" << endl;

  cout << "    EMPNO EMPNAME    DEPT_NO" << endl;
  cout << "    ----- ---------- -------" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "SELECT * FROM empl");

  EXEC SQL PREPARE stmt2 FROM :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("stmt2 -- prepare");

  EXEC SQL DECLARE c2 CURSOR FOR stmt2;

  EXEC SQL OPEN c2;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- open");

  EXEC SQL FETCH c2 INTO :empno, :empname, :dept_no:dept_noInd;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- fetch");

  while (sqlca.sqlcode != 100)
  {
    cout << "    " << setw(5) << empno << " " << setw(10) << empname;
    if (dept_noInd >= 0)
    {
      cout << " " << setw(3) << dept_no;
    }
    else
    {
      cout << " -";
    }
    cout << endl;

    EXEC SQL FETCH c2 INTO :empno, :empname, :dept_no:dept_noInd;
    EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- fetch");
  }

  EXEC SQL CLOSE c2;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- close");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::FK_TwoTablesDisplay

int TbConstr::FK_TwoTablesDrop()
{
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n  DROP TABLE deptmt" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE deptmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("first table -- drop");

  cout << "  DROP TABLE empl" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("second table -- drop");

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::FK_TwoTablesDrop

int TbConstr::FK_Create(char *ruleClause)
{
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n  ALTER TABLE empl ADD CONSTRAINT fk_deptmt" << endl
       << "    FOREIGN KEY(dept_no)" << endl
       << "    REFERENCES deptmt(deptno)" << endl
       << "    " << ruleClause << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "ALTER TABLE empl ADD CONSTRAINT fk_deptmt "
                  "  FOREIGN KEY(dept_no) "
                  "  REFERENCES deptmt(deptno) ");
  strcat(strStmt, ruleClause);

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("foreign key -- create");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::FK_Create

int TbConstr::FK_Drop()
{
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n  ALTER TABLE empl DROP CONSTRAINT fk_deptmt" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "ALTER TABLE empl DROP CONSTRAINT fk_deptmt ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("foreign key -- drop");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::FK_Drop

int TbConstr::Cn_NOT_NULL_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  CREATE TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  INSERT" << endl;
  cout << "  DROP TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW A 'NOT NULL' CONSTRAINT." << endl;

  // create table
  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL," << endl
       << "                       firstname VARCHAR(10)," << endl
       << "                       salary DECIMAL(7, 2))" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
                                firstname VARCHAR(10),
                                salary DECIMAL(7, 2));
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- create");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  // insert table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES(NULL, 'PHILIP', 17000.00)" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES(NULL, 'PHILIP', 17000.00) ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // drop table
  cout << "\n  DROP TABLE empl_sal" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl_sal;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- drop");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_NOT_NULL_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_UNIQUE_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  CREATE TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  INSERT" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  DROP TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW A 'UNIQUE' CONSTRAINT." << endl;

  // create table
  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL," << endl
       << "                       firstname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL," << endl
       << "                       salary DECIMAL(7, 2)," << endl
       << "  CONSTRAINT unique_cn UNIQUE(lastname, firstname))" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
                                firstname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
                                salary DECIMAL(7, 2),
    CONSTRAINT unique_cn UNIQUE(lastname, firstname));
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- create");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  // insert table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 17000.00),"
       << "\n                            ('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 21000.00) "
       << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt,
         "INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 17000.00), "
         "                          ('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 21000.00)  ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // drop constraint
  cout << "\n  ALTER TABLE empl_sal DROP CONSTRAINT unique_cn" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ALTER TABLE empl_sal DROP CONSTRAINT unique_cn;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("constrain -- drop");

  // drop table
  cout << "\n  DROP TABLE empl_sal" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl_sal;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- drop");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_UNIQUE_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_PRIMARY_KEY_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  CREATE TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  INSERT" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  DROP TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW A 'PRIMARY KEY' CONSTRAINT." << endl;

  // create table
  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL," << endl
       << "                       firstname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL," << endl
       << "                       salary DECIMAL(7, 2)," << endl
       << "  CONSTRAINT pk_cn PRIMARY KEY(lastname, firstname))" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
                                firstname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
                                salary DECIMAL(7, 2),
    CONSTRAINT pk_cn PRIMARY KEY(lastname, firstname));
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- create");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  // insert table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 17000.00),"
       << "\n                            ('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 21000.00) "
       << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt,
         "INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 17000.00), "
         "                          ('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 21000.00) ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // drop constraint
  cout << "\n  ALTER TABLE empl_sal DROP CONSTRAINT pk_cn" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ALTER TABLE empl_sal DROP CONSTRAINT pk_cn;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("constraint -- drop");

  // drop table
  cout << "\n  DROP TABLE empl_sal" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl_sal;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- drop");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_PRIMARY_KEY_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_CHECK_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  CREATE TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  INSERT" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  DROP TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW A 'CHECK' CONSTRAINT." << endl;

  // create table
  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10)," << endl
       << "                       firstname VARCHAR(10)," << endl
       << "                       salary DECIMAL(7, 2)," << endl
       << "    CONSTRAINT check_cn CHECK(salary < 25000.00))" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10),
                                firstname VARCHAR(10),
                                salary DECIMAL(7, 2),
    CONSTRAINT check_cn CHECK(salary < 25000.00));
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- create");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  // insert table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 27000.00)"
       << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl_sal VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP', 27000.00)");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // drop constraint
  cout << "\n  ALTER TABLE empl_sal DROP CONSTRAINT check_cn" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ALTER TABLE empl_sal DROP CONSTRAINT check_cn;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("constrain -- drop");

  // drop table
  cout << "\n  DROP TABLE empl_sal" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl_sal;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- drop");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_CHECK_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_CHECK_INFO_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout <<  "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout <<  "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:\n";
  cout <<  "  CREATE TABLE\n";
  cout <<  "  COMMIT\n";
  cout <<  "  INSERT\n";
  cout <<  "  ALTER TABLE\n";
  cout <<  "  DROP TABLE\n";
  cout <<  "TO SHOW AN 'INFORMATIONAL' CONSTRAINT.\n";

  // create table 
  cout <<  "\n  CREATE TABLE empl(empno INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,\n"
       <<  "                   name VARCHAR(10),\n"
       <<  "                   firstname VARCHAR(20),\n"
       <<  "                   salary INTEGER CONSTRAINT minsalary\n"
       <<  "                          CHECK (salary >= 25000)\n"
       <<  "                          NOT ENFORCED\n"
       <<  "                          ENABLE QUERY OPTIMIZATION)\n";           

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl(empno INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
                            name VARCHAR(10),
                            firstname VARCHAR(20),
                            salary INTEGER CONSTRAINT minsalary
                                   CHECK (salary >= 25000)
                                   NOT ENFORCED
                                   ENABLE QUERY OPTIMIZATION);
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- create");

  cout <<  "  COMMIT\n";
  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  // Insert data that doesn't satisfy the constraint 'minsalary'. 
  // Database manager does not enforce the constraint for IUD operations 
  cout <<  "\n\nTO SHOW NOT ENFORCED OPTION\n";
  cout <<  "\n  INSERT INTO empl VALUES(1, 'SMITH', 'PHILIP', 1000)\n\n";
  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl VALUES(1, 'SMITH', 'PHILIP', 1000)");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // Alter the constraint to make it ENFORCED by database manager  
  cout <<  "Alter the constraint to make it ENFORCED by database manager\n";
  cout <<  "\n  ALTER TABLE empl ALTER CHECK minsalary ENFORCED\n";
  strcpy(strStmt, "ALTER TABLE empl ALTER CHECK minsalary ENFORCED");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("table -- alter");

  // Delete entries from EMP Table 
  cout <<  "\n  DELETE FROM empl\n";
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM empl");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;  
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- alter");

  // Alter the constraint to make it ENFORCED by database manager 
  cout <<  "\n\nTO SHOW ENFORCED OPTION\n";
  cout <<  "\n  ALTER TABLE empl ALTER CHECK minsalary ENFORCED\n";
  strcpy(strStmt, "ALTER TABLE empl ALTER CHECK minsalary ENFORCED");
  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;  
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- alter");

  // Insert table with data not conforming to the constraint 'minsalary'
  // Database manager does not enforce the constraint for IUD operations
  cout <<  "\n  INSERT INTO empl VALUES(1, 'SMITH', 'PHILIP', 1000)\n";
  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl VALUES(1, 'SMITH', 'PHILIP', 1000)");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // drop table
  cout <<  "\n  DROP TABLE empl\n";

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- drop");

  return 0;
} // TbConstr::Cn_CHECK_INFO_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_WITH_DEFAULT_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  CREATE TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  INSERT" << endl;
  cout << "  DROP TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW A 'WITH DEFAULT' CONSTRAINT." << endl;

  // create table
  cout << "\n  CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10)," << endl
       << "                       firstname VARCHAR(10)," << endl
       << "                       salary DECIMAL(7, 2)"
       << " WITH DEFAULT 17000.00)" << endl;

  EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE empl_sal(lastname VARCHAR(10),
                                firstname VARCHAR(10),
                                salary DECIMAL(7, 2) WITH DEFAULT 17000.00);
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- create");

  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;

  EXEC SQL COMMIT;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- commit");

  // insert table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl_sal(lastname, firstname)" << endl
       << "    VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP')," << endl
       << "          ('PARKER', 'JOHN')," << endl
       << "          ('PEREZ', 'MARIA')" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl_sal(lastname, firstname) "
                  "  VALUES('SMITH', 'PHILIP'), "
                  "        ('PARKER', 'JOHN'), "
                  "        ('PEREZ', 'MARIA') ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- insert");

  // display table
  cout << "\n  SELECT * FROM empl_sal" << endl;

  cout << "    LASTNAME   FIRSTNAME  SALARY  " << endl;
  cout << "    ---------- ---------- --------" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "SELECT * FROM empl_sal");

  EXEC SQL PREPARE stmt3 FROM :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("stmt3 -- prepare");

  EXEC SQL DECLARE c3 CURSOR FOR stmt3;

  EXEC SQL OPEN c3;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- open");

  EXEC SQL FETCH c3 INTO :firstname, :lastname, :salary;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- fetch");

  while (sqlca.sqlcode != 100)
  {
    cout << "    " << setw(10) << firstname
         << " " << setw(10) << lastname
         << " " << setw(7) << salary << endl;

    EXEC SQL FETCH c3 INTO :firstname, :lastname, :salary;
    EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- fetch");
  }

  EXEC SQL CLOSE c3;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("cursor -- close");

  // drop table
  cout << "\n  DROP TABLE empl_sal" << endl;

  EXEC SQL DROP TABLE empl_sal;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("table -- drop");

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_WITH_DEFAULT_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_FK_OnInsertShow()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  INSERT" << endl;
  cout << "  ROLLBACK" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW HOW A FOREIGN KEY WORKS ON INSERT." << endl;

  // display initial tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // create foreign key
  rc = FK_Create("");

  // insert parent table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO deptmt VALUES('D00', 'SALES')" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO deptmt VALUES('D00', 'SALES') ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("parent table -- insert");

  // insert child table
  cout << "\n  INSERT INTO empl VALUES('0080', 'Pearce', 'E03')" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "INSERT INTO empl VALUES('0080', 'Pearce', 'E03') ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("child table -- insert");

  // display final tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // rollback transaction
  cout << "\n  ROLLBACK" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- rollback");

  // drop foreign key
  rc = FK_Drop();

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_FK_OnInsertShow

int TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_NO_ACTION_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  UPDATE" << endl;
  cout << "  ROLLBACK" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW AN 'ON UPDATE NO ACTION' FOREIGN KEY." << endl;

  // display initial tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // create foreign key
  rc = FK_Create("ON UPDATE NO ACTION");

  // update parent table
  cout << "\n  UPDATE deptmt SET deptno = 'E01' WHERE deptno = 'A00'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "UPDATE deptmt SET deptno = 'E01' WHERE deptno = 'A00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("parent table -- update");

  cout << "\n  UPDATE deptmt SET deptno ="
       << "\n    CASE"
       << "\n      WHEN deptno = 'A00' THEN 'B00'"
       << "\n      WHEN deptno = 'B00' THEN 'A00'"
       << "\n    END"
       << "\n    WHERE deptno = 'A00' OR deptno = 'B00'" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "UPDATE deptmt SET deptno = "
                  "  CASE "
                  "    WHEN deptno = 'A00' THEN 'B00' "
                  "    WHEN deptno = 'B00' THEN 'A00' "
                  "  END "
                  "  WHERE deptno = 'A00' OR deptno = 'B00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("parent table -- update");

  // update child table
  cout << "\n  UPDATE empl SET dept_no = 'G11' WHERE empname = 'Wheeler'"
       << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt,
         "UPDATE empl SET dept_no = 'G11' WHERE empname = 'Wheeler' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("child table -- update");

  // display final tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // rollback transaction
  cout << "\n  ROLLBACK" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- rollback");

  // drop foreign key
  rc = FK_Drop();

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_NO_ACTION_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_RESTRICT_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  UPDATE" << endl;
  cout << "  ROLLBACK" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW AN 'ON UPDATE RESTRICT' FOREIGN KEY." << endl;

  // display initial tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // create foreign key
  rc = FK_Create("ON UPDATE RESTRICT");

  // update parent table
  cout << "\n  UPDATE deptmt SET deptno = 'E01' WHERE deptno = 'A00'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "UPDATE deptmt SET deptno = 'E01' WHERE deptno = 'A00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("parent table -- update");

  cout << "\n  UPDATE deptmt SET deptno ="
       << "\n    CASE"
       << "\n      WHEN deptno = 'A00' THEN 'B00'"
       << "\n      WHEN deptno = 'B00' THEN 'A00'"
       << "\n    END"
       << "\n    WHERE deptno = 'A00' OR deptno = 'B00'" << endl;

  strcpy(strStmt, "UPDATE deptmt SET deptno = "
                  "  CASE "
                  "    WHEN deptno = 'A00' THEN 'B00' "
                  "    WHEN deptno = 'B00' THEN 'A00' "
                  "  END "
                  "  WHERE deptno = 'A00' OR deptno = 'B00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("parent table -- update");

  // update child table
  cout << "\n  UPDATE empl SET dept_no = 'G11' WHERE empname = 'Wheeler'"
       << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt,
         "UPDATE empl SET dept_no = 'G11' WHERE empname = 'Wheeler' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("child table -- update");

  // display final tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // rollback transaction
  cout << "\n  ROLLBACK" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- rollback");

  // drop foreign key
  rc = FK_Drop();

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_RESTRICT_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_CASCADE_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  DELETE" << endl;
  cout << "  ROLLBACK" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW AN 'ON DELETE CASCADE' FOREIGN KEY." << endl;

  // display initial tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // create foreign key
  rc = FK_Create("ON DELETE CASCADE");

  // delete parent table
  cout << "\n  DELETE FROM deptmt WHERE deptno = 'C00'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM deptmt WHERE deptno = 'C00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("parent table -- delete");

  // display tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // delete child table
  cout << "\n  DELETE FROM empl WHERE empname = 'Wheeler'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM empl WHERE empname = 'Wheeler' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("child table -- delete");

  // display final tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // rollback transaction
  cout << "\n  ROLLBACK" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- rollback");

  // drop foreign key
  rc = FK_Drop();

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_CASCADE_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_SET_NULL_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  DELETE" << endl;
  cout << "  ROLLBACK" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW AN 'ON DELETE SET NULL' FOREIGN KEY." << endl;

  // display initial tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // create foreign key
  rc = FK_Create("ON DELETE SET NULL");

  // delete parent table
  cout << "\n  DELETE FROM deptmt WHERE deptno = 'C00'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM deptmt WHERE deptno = 'C00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("parent table -- delete");

  // display tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // delete child table
  cout << "\n  DELETE FROM empl WHERE empname = 'Wheeler'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM empl WHERE empname = 'Wheeler' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("child table -- delete");

  // display final tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // rollback transaction
  cout << "\n  ROLLBACK" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- rollback");

  // drop foreign key
  rc = FK_Drop();

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_SET_NULL_Show

int TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_NO_ACTION_Show()
{
  int rc = 0;
  struct sqlca sqlca;

  cout << "\n-----------------------------------------------------------";
  cout << "\nUSE THE SQL STATEMENTS:" << endl;
  cout << "  ALTER TABLE" << endl;
  cout << "  COMMIT" << endl;
  cout << "  DELETE" << endl;
  cout << "  ROLLBACK" << endl;
  cout << "TO SHOW AN 'ON DELETE NO ACTION' FOREIGN KEY." << endl;

  // display initial tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // create foreign key
  rc = FK_Create("ON DELETE NO ACTION");

  // delete parent table
  cout << "\n  DELETE FROM deptmt WHERE deptno = 'C00'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM deptmt WHERE deptno = 'C00' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EXPECTED_ERR_CHECK("parent table -- delete");

  // delete child table
  cout << "\n  DELETE FROM empl WHERE empname = 'Wheeler'" << endl;
  strcpy(strStmt, "DELETE FROM empl WHERE empname = 'Wheeler' ");

  EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :strStmt;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("child table -- delete");

  // display final tables content
  rc = FK_TwoTablesDisplay();

  // rollback transaction
  cout << "\n  ROLLBACK" << endl;

  EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
  EMB_SQL_CHECK("transaction -- rollback");

  // drop foreign key
  rc = FK_Drop();

  return 0;
} //TbConstr::Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_NO_ACTION_Show

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  int rc = 0;
  CmdLineArgs check;
  TbConstr constr;
  DbEmb db;

  // check the command line arguments
  rc = check.CmdLineArgsCheck1(argc, argv, db);
  if (rc != 0)
  {
    return rc;
  }

  cout.setf(ios::left, ios::adjustfield);
  cout.setf(ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
  cout << setprecision(2);
  cout << "\nTHIS SAMPLE SHOWS HOW TO CREATE/USE/DROP CONSTRAINTS." << endl;

  // connect to database
  rc = db.Connect();
  if (rc != 0)
  {
    return rc;
  }

  rc = constr.Cn_NOT_NULL_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_UNIQUE_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_PRIMARY_KEY_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_CHECK_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_CHECK_INFO_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_WITH_DEFAULT_Show();

  cout << "\n#####################################################\n"
       << "#    Create tables for FOREIGN KEY sample functions #\n"
       << "#####################################################" << endl;

  rc = constr.FK_TwoTablesCreate();
  if (rc != 0)
  {
    return rc;
  }

  rc = constr.Cn_FK_OnInsertShow();
  rc = constr.Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_NO_ACTION_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_FK_ON_UPDATE_RESTRICT_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_CASCADE_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_SET_NULL_Show();
  rc = constr.Cn_FK_ON_DELETE_NO_ACTION_Show();

  cout << "\n########################################################\n"
       << "# Drop tables created for FOREIGN KEY sample functions #\n"
       << "########################################################\n";

  rc = constr.FK_TwoTablesDrop();

  // disconnect from the databas
  rc = db.Disconnect();
  if (rc != 0)
  {
    return rc;
  }

  return 0;
} //main