IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, Java 2 Technology Edition, Version 1.4.1 User Guide

Copyright information

Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under Notices.

This edition of the User Guide applies to the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, Java 2 Technology Edition, Version 1.4.1, Service Refresh 1, and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions.

(c) Copyright Sun Microsystems, Inc. 1997, 2002, 901 San Antonio Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. All rights reserved.

(c) Copyright International Business Machines Corporation, 1999, 2003. All rights reserved.

U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights - Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.

Preface

Read this User Guide if you want to use the SDK to write Java^(TM) applications and applets or if you want to use the Runtime Environment to run them.

Read this User Guide in conjunction with the more extensive documentation on the Sun Web site, http://java.sun.com, and the AIX download site, http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/aix.

The software that is contained in this release can be used only on AIX^(R) Version 5.1 or later. It is not supported, and does not work, on earlier versions of the AIX operating system. See AIX Environment for further details of requirements on the AIX operating system for this release.

This User Guide is part of a release and is applicable only to that particular release. Ensure that you have the User Guide appropriate to the release you are using.

Useful Web sites include:

• IBM pSeries Support Portal
• IBM Java site
• IBM developer connection Java site
• IBM developer connection site

The terms "Runtime Environment" and "Java Virtual Machine" are used interchangeably throughout this User Guide.

Technical changes for this User Guide are indicated in red.

Contents and features of the SDK and Runtime Environment

The SDK is a development environment for writing applets and applications that conform to the Java 1.4 Core Application Program Interface (API).

Version compatibility

An applet or application that ran with earlier versions of the SDK should run with this version, except for the incompatibilities listed in:

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/compatibility.html

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/compatibility.html

http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/compatibility.html

There is no guarantee that 1.4.1-compiled classes work on pre-1.4.0 SDK releases.

Applets that depend on the Java 1.4 (or later) APIs will not work with browsers that do not support these APIs unless you install the Java Plug-in.

Features

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 has the following features:

• Fully compatible with the Java 2 version 1.4.1 language, enabling "Write Once Run Anywhere"
• A comprehensive Diagnostics Guide for Java 1.4.1 at http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/diagnosis/index.html.
• Performance enhancements to make Java programs run faster
• The latest version of the IBM optimizing Just In Time (JIT) compiler version 5.0 with Mixed Mode Interpreter (MMI - for selective compilation of frequently executed code)
• Concurrent garbage collection option, which can significantly reduce maximum application pause times
• Incremental compaction, which significantly decreases the chance of a full heap compaction (important for multi-gigabyte heaps)
• Support of AIX Large Pages
• Support of AIX's Very Large Address Space Model
• Java 3D version 1.3
• JavaHelp version 1.1.2
• A new Reliability, Accessibility, and Serviceability interface, to help the IBM Service team debug any problems
• Efficient exploitation of AIX native threads
• "Handle-less" object model
• Fast, lightweight monitors
• Efficient management of large Java heaps through optimized object allocation and efficient garbage collection with JVM runtime parameters for specifying garbage collection policy
• Thread-local heap
• Support for the European Union currency, the Euro
• Robust networking supporting a large number of concurrent connections
• Better scaling support for large numbers of threads and large numbers of file handles
• Java Communications API version 2.0
• IBM Big Decimal Extension

AIX environment

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1, runs on AIX 5.1 (Recommended Maintenance Package AIX 5100-04 plus APAR IY46667), AIX 5.2 (Recommended Maintenance Package AIX 5200-01 plus APAR IY46668) and any later compatible level.

lscfg -p | fgrep Architecture

Model Architecture: chrp

If you are using one of the supported non-UTF8 CKJ locales, you must install one of the following filesets (the install images are available on AIX 5.1/5.2 base CDs; updates are available from the AIX fix distribution Web site, https://techsupport.services.ibm.com/server/fixes):

X11.fnt.ucs.ttf (for ja_JP or Ja_JP)
X11.fnt.ucs.ttf_CN (for zh_CN or Zh_CN)
X11.fnt.ucs.ttf_KR (for ko_KR)
X11.fnt.ucs.ttf_TW (for zh_TW or Zh_TW)

Contents of the SDK

The SDK contains a Java Runtime Environment (JRE). This section describes the contents of the Runtime Environment and other SDK tools.

Applications written entirely in Java should have no dependencies on the IBM SDK's directory structure (or files in those directories). Any dependency on the SDK's directory structure (or the files in those directories) could result in application portability problems.

Runtime Environment

• Core Classes -- These are the compiled class files for the platform and must remain zipped for the compiler and interpreter to access them. Do not modify these classes; instead, create subclasses and override where you need to.
  
• JRE tools -- The following tools are part of the Runtime Environment and are in the /usr/java14/jre/bin directory.
  • Java Interpreter (java)
    • Executes Java bytecodes. The Java Interpreter runs programs that are written in the Java programming language.
    
    
  • Java Interpreter (javaw)
    • Executes Java bytecodes in the same way as the java command does, but does not use a console window.
    
    
  • Key and Certificate Management Tool (keytool)
    • Manages a keystore (database) of private keys and their associated X.509 certificate chains that authenticate the corresponding public keys.
    
    
  • Policy File Creation and Management Tool (policytool)
    • Creates and modifies the external policy configuration files that define your installation's Java security policy.
    
    
  • RMI activation system daemon (rmid)
    • Starts the activation system daemon so that objects can be registered and activated in a Java virtual machine (JVM).
    
    
  • Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Naming Service (tnameserv)
    • Starts the CORBA transient naming service.
    
    
  • Java Remote Object Registry (rmiregistry)
    • Creates and starts a remote object registry on the specified port of the current host.
    
    
  • iKeyman GUI utility.
    • Allows you to manage keys, certificates, and certificate requests. For more information see http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/security. The SDK also provides a command-line version of this utility called iKeyman accessibility.
      
  • Dump extractor (jextract)
    • Converts a system-produced dump into a common format that can be used by jformat. For more information see the relevant chapter in the IBM JVM Diagnostics Guide that is located at: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/diagnosis/index.html
    
    

SDK tools

• The following tools are part of the SDK and are located in the /usr/java14/bin directory:
  • Java Compiler (javac)
    • Compiles programs that are written in the Java programming language into bytecodes (compiled Java code).
    
    
  • Java Applet Viewer (appletviewer)
    • Tests and runs applets outside a Web browser.
    
    
  • Java Debugger (jdb)
    • Helps debug your Java programs.
    
    
  • Class File Disassembler (javap)
    • Disassembles compiled files and can print a representation of the bytecodes.
    
    
  • Java Documentation Generator (javadoc)
    • Generates HTML pages of API documentation from Java source files.
    
    
  • Java Plug-in HTML Converter (HtmlConverter)
    • Converts an HTML page that contains applets to a format that can use the Java Plug-in.
    
    
  • C Header and Stub File Generator (javah)
    • Enables you to associate native methods with code written in the Java programming language.
    
    
  • Java Archive Tool (jar)
    • Combines multiple files into a single Java Archive (JAR) file.
    
    
  • JAR Signing and Verification Tool (jarsigner)
    • Generates signatures for JAR files, and verifies the signatures of signed JAR files.
    
    
  • Native-To-ASCII Converter (native2ascii)
    • Converts a native encoding file to an ASCII file that contains characters encoded in either Latin-1 or Unicode, or both.
    
    
  • Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Stub Converter (rmic)
    • Generates stubs, skeletons, and ties for remote objects. Includes RMI over Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (RMI-IIOP) support.
    
    
  • IDL to Java Compiler (idlj)
    • Generates Java bindings from a given IDL file.
    
    
  • Serial Version Command (serialver)
    • Returns the serialVersionUID for one or more classes in a format that is suitable for copying into an evolving class.
    
    
  • Extcheck utility (extcheck)
    • Detects version conflicts between a target jar file and currently-installed extension jar files.
    
    
  • Cross-platform dump formatter (jformat)
    • A dump analysis tool that allows you to analyze dumps. For more information see the relevant chapter in the IBM JVM Diagnostics Guide that is located at: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/diagnosis/index.html
    
    
  • Java Web Start (webstart_install_sdk.sh)
    • Enables the deployment and automatic maintenance of Java applications. For more information, see Installing Web Start.
    
    
• INCLUDE FILES
  • C headers for JNI programs.
    
  
  
• USER GUIDE
  • This file.
  
  
• COPYRIGHT
  • Copyright notice for the SDK for AIX software.
  
  
• LICENSE
  • The LICENSE file, /usr/swlag/<locale>/Java14.la, contains the license agreement for the SDK for AIX software (where <locale> is the name of your locale, for example En_US). To view or print the license agreement, open the file in a Web browser.
    
• FIXES.LST
  • A text file that describes any defects that are fixed after the initial release of this version.
    

Tools not included in the IBM SDK

The following tools are not included in the IBM SDK:

• MIF doclet
• orbd
• servertool

Installation

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 complete release consists of several installp image files (packages). Each installp image file or package contains one or more related filesets. You can install the packages using the smit or smitty system management tools. Alternatively, you can use the installp command.

These packages are required:

• Java14.license (license)
• Java14.sdk (base SDK, WebStart, and dt.jar)

These packages are optional:

• Java14.debug (_g version of files such as java_g and libjvm_g.a)
• Java14.ext (Comm API, Java 3D, and JavaHelp)
• Java14.samples (demos)
• Java14.source (src.jar)
• Java14.msg.$LANG

$LANG is one of the following locales. These packages do not ship any files but pull in required Unicode TrueType fonts, if not already installed, for these locales:

• Zh_CN
• zh_CN
• ko_KR
• Ja_JP
• ja_JP
• Zh_TW
• zh_TW

The SDK is installed in the directory:

/usr/java14/

Set up your PATH environment variable to refer to the new installation:

export PATH=/usr/java14/jre/bin:/usr/java14/bin:$PATH

Note: These elements of PATH changed, at Version 1.3.0, from the previous SDK releases. The V1.4.1 SDK does not use a java wrapper as Version 1.1.x and 1.2.2 did. When you install the V1.4.1 SDK in the /usr/java14/ directory, if you have symbolic links created by the v1.1.8 SDK and you don't set up the PATH environment variable, the v1.1.8 SDK is picked up as the default. You are not recommended to remove the old links in case you have applications that require the v1.1.8 SDK.

Verification

To help ensure that the verification process behaves consistently, first:

• unset LIBPATH

• unset CLASSPATH

• unset JAVA_COMPILER

• unset JAVA_HOME*

• export PATH=/usr/java14/jre/bin:/usr/java14/bin:$PATH

^*JAVA_HOME is used in 1.1.x releases.  It is not required to set JAVA_HOME in this release.

If you issue the command:

• java -version

you should see:

• java version "1.4.1"
  Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.4.1)
  Classic VM (build 1.4.1, J2RE 1.4.1 IBM AIX build ca1411ifx-20041029a (141SR3+78993) (JIT enabled: jitc))

When verification is complete, log on again and review any values that you might have assigned to these variables with the new installation for possible conflicts. Unless .hotjava already existed, executing the applet viewer creates a directory called .hotjava in your home directory. Issuing the command:

• ls -a ~

should confirm this.

The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler

The IBM JIT compiler (libjitc.a) dynamically generates machine code for frequently-used bytecode sequences in a Java application or applet during execution. The JIT v5.0 compiler delivers dynamic compiler technology, including:

• Improvements to optimizations that were implemented in previous versions of the JIT
• Optimizations that were added to JIT v5.0
• Stack allocation of objects
• Improved hardware exploitation

All SDK tools use the JIT by default. After installation, you can specify whether or not the JIT will be used. You can disable the JIT to help in the isolation of a problem with a Java application, an applet, or the compiler itself.

Disabling the JIT

There are two ways to disable the JIT:

• Type the following at a command prompt:
  1. For the Korn shell:

     • export JAVA_COMPILER=NONE

       (Korn shell commands are used for the remainder of this User Guide)

  2. For the Bourne shell:

     • JAVA_COMPILER=NONE

     • export JAVA_COMPILER

  3. For the C shell:

     • setenv JAVA_COMPILER NONE

• Use the -D option on the java command to set java.compiler to NONE to override the default or the environment variable settings:

  java -Djava.compiler=NONE <myapp>

Enabling the JIT

To enable the JIT, set the JAVA_COMPILER environment variable to "jitc" or switch on the JIT compiler through the command line:

java -Djava.compiler=jitc <myapp>

Determining whether the JIT is enabled

To determine whether the JIT is enabled, type the following at a command prompt:

java -version

If the JIT is not in use, a message is displayed that includes the following:

JIT disabled

If the JIT is in use, a message is displayed that includes the following:

JIT enabled: jitc

Note:

If JAVA_COMPILER="" or -Djava.compiler="" , the JIT compiler is disabled. If JAVA_COMPILER is unset, as in:

unset JAVA_COMPILER

the default JIT compiler is enabled. The default JIT compiler is always the latest version.

Using the SDK and Runtime Environment

The following sections provide information about using the SDK.

Obtaining the IBM build and version number

To obtain the IBM build and version number, at a command prompt type:

java -version

Working with the PATH environment variable

The main SDK tools are programs that are run from a command prompt. After installing the SDK software, you run a tool by typing its name at a command prompt with a filename as an argument.

You can specify the path to a tool by typing the path in front of the tool each time. For example, if the javac compiler is in /usr/java14/bin, you can compile a file named myfile.java by typing the following at a command prompt:

 /usr/java14/bin/javac myfile.java

Alternatively, you can add the string /usr/java14/bin to your PATH environment variable. Then you can compile the myfile.java file by typing the following at a command prompt:

 javac myfile.java

The PATH environment variable enables AIX to find the executable files (such as javac, java, and javadoc) from any directory. To find the current value of your PATH, at a command prompt type:

echo $PATH

Note:

Like the 1.3.0 and 1.3.1 versions, the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 ships the java tools as binary executables instead of the shell scripts that were shipped in previous versions up to Version 1.2.2. The PATH environment variable must point to the bin directories instead of sh directories as follows:

export PATH=/usr/java14/bin:/usr/java14/jre/bin:$PATH

Launching a Java application

The java tool launches a Java application.

It does this by starting a Java Runtime Environment, loading a specified class, and invoking that class's main method. The method declaration must have the signature:

public static void main(String args[])  

The method must be declared public and static, it must not return any value, and it must accept a String array as a parameter. By default, the first non-option argument is the name of the class to be invoked. Use a fully-qualified class name.

The JVM searches for the startup class, and other classes that are used, in three sets of locations: the bootstrap classpath, the installed extensions, and the user classpath. Arguments after the class name or JAR file name are passed to the main function.

The javaw command is identical to java, except that javaw has no associated console window. Use javaw when you do not want a command prompt window to appear. The javaw launcher displays a dialog box with error information if a launch fails.

Summary of commands

The java and javaw command have the following syntax:

java [ options ] class [ arguments ... ]
java [ options ] -jar file.jar [ arguments ... ]
javaw [ options ] class [ arguments ... ]
javaw [ options ] -jar file.jar [ arguments ... ]

Items that are within brackets are optional.

options

Command-line options.

class

Name of the class to invoke.

file.jar

Name of the jar file to invoke. It is used only with -jar.

argument

Argument passed to the main function.

If the -jar option is specified, the named JAR file contains class and resource files for the application, with the startup class indicated by the Main-Class manifest header.

Options

The launcher has a set of standard options that are supported on the current runtime environment and will be supported in future releases. In addition, there is a set of non-standard options.

Standard options

• -D<property_name>=<value>
  • Sets a system property.
• -assert
  • Prints help on assert-related options.
• -cp or -classpath <directories and zip or jar files separated by :>
  • Set search path for application classes and resources. If -classpath and -cp are not used, and CLASSPATH is not set, the user classpath is, by default, the current directory (.). Also see Working with classpaths.
• -help or -?
  • Prints a usage message.
• -showversion
  • Prints product version and continues.
• -verbose:[class | gc | jni]
  • Enables verbose output.
• -version
  • Prints product version.
• -X
  • Prints help on non-standard options.

Non-standard options

The -X options listed below are a subset of the available ones. They are nonstandard and subject to change without notice.

• -Xargencoding
  • Allows the options on the java command to use Unicode escape sequences to represent characters that are not in the character set of the locale. Unicode escape sequences are of the form \u#### where # is a hexadecimal digit.
• -Xbootclasspath:<directories and zip or jar files separated by ;>
  • Sets search path for bootstrap classes and resources. There are other ways of setting the bootclasspath. See Working with the bootclasspath. Do not deploy applications that use this option to override a class in core.jar, graphics.jar, server.jar, security.jar, xml.jar, tools.jar, or charsets.jar, because such a deployment would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment binary code license.
    Note:
    The rt.jar of earlier releases has been split up into various jar files in Version 1.4.1: core.jar, graphics.jar, security.jar, server.jar, and xml.jar.
• -Xbootclasspath/a:<directories and zip or jar files separated by ;>
  • Appends to end of bootstrap class path.
• -Xbootclasspath/p:<directories and zip or jar files separated by ;>
  • Puts on the front of bootstrap class path. Do not deploy applications that use this option to override a class in core.jar, graphics.jar, server.jar, security.jar, xml.jar, tools.jar, or charsets.jar, because such a deployment would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment binary code license.
• -Xcheck:jni
  • Performs additional checks for JNI functions.
• -Xcheck:nabounds
  • Performs additional checks for JNI array operations.
• -Xdebug
  • Starts the JVM with the debugger enabled.
• -Xdisableexplicitgc
  • Changes calls to System.gc() into no-ops.
• -Xdisablejavadump
  • Disables the java dump facility for abnormal process termination. When the java dump is disabled, the system process termination dump is run. The java dump is useful when the problem occurs within the java code.
• -Xgcpolicy:{optthruput | optavgpause | subpool}
  • Specifies the garbage collection setting. The default setting is optthruput. For more information, see Specifying garbage collection policy.
• -Xlp
  • Requests the SDK to allocate the Java heap (the heap from which Java objects get allocated) with 16 MB large pages. If large pages are not available, the Java heap will be allocated with AIX's standard 4 KB pages. AIX requires special configuration to enable large pages. For more information on configuring AIX support for large pages, see http://www.ibm.com/servers/aix/whitepapers/large_page.html. The SDK supports the use of large pages only to back the Java heap's share memory segments (the SDK uses shmget() with the SHM_LGPG and SHM_PIN flags to allocate large pages). The use of the LDR_CNTRL=LARGE_PAGE_DATA environment variable is not supported. The -Xlp option replaces the environment variable IBM_JAVA_LARGE_PAGE_SIZE, which is now ignored if set.
• -Xms<size>
  • Sets initial Java heap size. The default is 4 MB.
• -Xmx<size>
  • Sets maximum Java heap size. The default is 64 MB.
• -Xnoclassgc
  • Disables class garbage collection.
• -Xoss<size>
  • Sets maximum Java stack size for any thread. The default is 400 KB.
• -Xquickstart
  • Improves the startup time of applications . If you do not specify this option, the initial compilation of methods is done at high optmization (that is, the JIT does not recompile "hot" methods because the methods are initially compiled with high optimization).
• -Xrs
  • Reduces the use of operating system signals.
• -Xrunlibrary_name[:options]
  • Loads helper libraries. To load multiple libraries, specify it more than once on the command line. Examples of these libraries are:
    • -Xrunhprof[:help] | [:<option>=<value>, ...]
      • Performs heap, CPU, or monitor profiling.
    • -Xrunjdwp[:help] | [:<option>=<value>, ...]
      • Loads debugging libraries to support the remote debugging of applications.
• -Xss<size>
  • Sets maximum native stack size for any thread. The default is 512 KB.
• -Xverbosegclog:<path to file><filename>[X, Y]
  • Causes verboseGC output to be written to the specified file. If the file exists, it is overwritten. Otherwise, if an existing file cannot be opened or a new file cannot be created, the output is redirected to stderr. If you specify the arguments X and Y (both are integers) the verboseGC output is redirected to Y number of files, each containing X number of gc cycles worth of verboseGC output. These files have the form filename1, filename2, and so on.
    Note:
    The environment variable IBM_JVM_ST_VERBOSEGC_LOG has been removed from this release.
• -Xverify
  • Enables strictest checks, anticipating future default.

Globalization of the java command

The java command and other java launcher commands (such as javaw) allow a class name to be specified as any Unicode character that is in the character set of the current locale.

You can specify any Unicode character in the class name and arguments by using java escape sequences. To do this, you must specify -Xargencoding. To specify a Unicode character, use escape sequences in the form \u####, where # is a hexadecimal digit (0 through 9, A through F).

To specify that the class name and command arguments are in UTF8 or ISO8859_1 encoding, use -Xargencoding:utf8 and -Xargencoding:latin.

In the Runtime Environment, if you are using a non-English locale, the java and javaw commands give translated output messages. These messages are different from those that are in the 1.3.1 version and also differ based on the locale in which Java is running. The detailed error descriptions and other debug information that is returned by java is in English. Debug information that is returned during initialization is shown in brackets.

Working with classpaths

In the Runtime Environment, you can specify a class name as a complete file name including a full path and the .class extension. In previous versions of the SDK, you could specify only the class that was relative to the CLASSPATH, and the .class extension was not allowed. Use of the complete file name permits you to launch a java application from your desktop or file launcher. If you specify a .class file with path and extension, the specified path is put into the CLASSPATH. For example, the command java ~/myapp/thisapp.class is equivalent to specifying java -classpath ~/myapp thisapp.

Working with the LIBPATH environment variable

The environment variable LIBPATH tells AIX applications, such as the JVM, where to find shared libraries when they are located in a different directory from the directory that is specified in the header section of the executable. For example, the header section of the java command is.

>dump -H /usr/java14/jre/bin/java

/usr/java14/jre/bin/java:

                        ***Loader Section***
                      Loader Header Information
VERSION#         #SYMtableENT     #RELOCent        LENidSTR
0x00000001       0x0000003f       0x0000006d       0x00000090

#IMPfilID        OFFidSTR         LENstrTBL        OFFstrTBL
0x00000006       0x00000b24       0x00000099       0x00000bb4


                        ***Import File Strings***
INDEX  PATH                          BASE            MEMBER
0     /usr/lib:/lib

1                                    libc.a          shr.o
2                                    libC.a          shr.o
3                                    libpthreads.a   shr_comm.o
4                                    libpthreads.a   shr_xpg5.o
5                                    libbsd.a        shr.o

Index 0 (in bold above) contains the list of directories that are searched for shared objects if LIBPATH is not specified. If LIBPATH is set, the specified directories are searched for shared objects before those listed in Index 0 of the header.

The shared libraries for the SDK are located in /usr/java14/jre/bin and/usr/java14/jre/bin/classic. These directories are automatically searched by the SDK's java launcher programs (for example, java, javac, jar). If Java is installed as an AIX fileset, the parent directory is /usr/java14/, but packages that bundle Java might use different directories. This path is already set by the Java launcher programs such as java, javac, or jar.

Set the LIBPATH if:

• You are using other shared libraries (including JNI native libraries you use or develop). Set the LIBPATH to include the directory or directories that contain your libraries.
  
• You are using the JNI Invocation API to call Java code from you C/C++ application. Set the LIBPATH to include the directories that contain the JVM libraries in addition to those that contain your own libraries.
  

The LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable is not used by Java. If your application needs to search specific directories when looking for shared libraries, the only variable to set is LIBPATH.

Working with the bootclasspath

You can set the system property ibm.jvm.bootclasspath by using the -D option that is described in Launching a Java application. The value of this property is used as an additional search path, which is inserted between any value that is defined by -Xbootclasspath/p: and the bootstrap classpath. The bootstrap classpath is either the default, or that that is defined using the -Xbootclasspath: option.

Specifying garbage collection policy

The -Xgcpolicy JVM runtime option specifies garbage collection policy.

-Xgcpolicy takes the values optthruput (the default), optavgpause, or subpool. The option controls garbage collector behavior, making tradeoffs between throughput of the application and overall system and the pause times that are caused by garbage collection.

The format of the option and its values is:

-Xgcpolicy:optthruput

-Xgcpolicy:optavgpause

-Xgcpolicy:subpool

Pause time

When an application's attempt to create an object cannot be satisfied immediately from the available space in the heap, the garbage collector is responsible for identifying unreferenced objects (garbage), deleting them, and returning the heap to a state in which the immediate and subsequent allocation requests can be satisfied quickly. Such garbage collection cycles introduce occasional unexpected pauses in the execution of application code. Because applications grow in size and complexity, and heaps become correspondingly larger, this garbage collection pause time tends to grow in size and significance. The default garbage collection value, optthruput, delivers very high throughput to applications, but at the cost of these occasional pauses, which can vary from a few milliseconds to many seconds, depending on the size of the heap and the quantity of garbage.

The subpool option of -Xgcpolicy provides additional throughput optimization for large SMP systems (24- to 32-way).

Pause time reduction

The optavgpause option substantially reduces the time that is spent in these garbage collection pauses, in addition to limiting the effect of increasing heap size on the length of the garbage collection pause. This option is particularly relevant to configurations that have large heaps. (Consider a heap as large when it is at least 1 GB.) The pause times are reduced by performing some garbage collection activities that are concurrent with normal program execution. With the reduced pause time, you might experience some reduction of application throughput, which varies from application to application.

Environments with very full heaps

If the Java heap becomes nearly full, and very little garbage is to be reclaimed, requests for new objects might not be satisfied quickly because no space is immediately available. If the heap is operated at near-full capacity, application performance might suffer regardless of which of the above options is used; and, if requests for more heap space continue to be made, the application receives an OutofMemory exception, which results in JVM termination if the exception is not caught and handled. At this point the JVM will produce two diagnostic files: a Heapdump and a Javadump. These are detailed in the Diagnostics Guide for Java 1.4.1 and can be used to determine what caused the high occupancy of the Java heap. In these conditions, you are recommended either to increase the heap size by using the -Xmx option, or to reduce the number of application objects in use.

Further information about garbage collection

For more detailed information about garbage collection, see:

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/i-garbage1/

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/i-garbage2/

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/i-garbage3/

For information about handling memory leaks in your Java application, see: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-leaks/index.html.

For information about tuning the heap size see:http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-tip-heap-size.html.

Dynamic Logical Partitioning (DLPAR) Support

When the SDK runs in an AIX 5.2 logical partition (LPAR), you can move partition resources from one AIX 5.2 partition to another without requiring a reboot of the system of the affected partitions. Note that if you decrease the number of CPUs or real memory allocated to an LPAR, the performance of SDK applications might degrade.

If you run SDK applications on a single CPU LPAR and never dynamically add a CPU to that LPAR while those SDK applications are running, you can improve the performance (results vary depending on the execution characteristics of your application) by exporting the following environment variable: export NO_LPAR_RECONFIGURATION=1. Do not export this environment variable unless you can guarantee all of the following:

• You are running in a LPAR
• The LPAR has 1 CPU
• The LPAR will never be dynamically reconfigured to add more CPUs while SDK applications are running.

For more information, see http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/pseries/hardware/whitepapers/dlpar.html and the article: Dynamic reconfiguration: Basic building blocks for autonomic computing on IBM pSeries servers in the following IBM Systems Journal issue: http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj42-1.html.

Working with applets

Running applets with the Applet Viewer

With the Applet Viewer, you can run one or more applets that are called by reference in a Web page (HTML file) by using the APPLET tag. The Applet Viewer finds the APPLET tags in the HTML file and runs the applets, in separate windows, as specified by the tags.

Because the Applet Viewer is for viewing applets, it cannot display a whole Web page that contains many HTML tags. It parses only the APPLET tags and no other HTML on the Web page.

To run an applet with the Applet Viewer, type the following at a command prompt:

   appletviewer name

where name is one of the following:

• The file name of an HTML file that calls an applet
• The URL of a Web page that calls an applet

For example, to invoke the Applet Viewer on an HTML file that calls an applet, type at a command prompt:

  appletviewer $HOME/filename.html

where filename is the name of the HTML file.

For example, http://java.sun.com/applets/NervousText/example1.html is the URL of a Web page that calls an applet. To invoke the Applet Viewer on this Web page, type at a shell prompt:

appletviewer http://java.sun.com/applets/NervousText/example1.html

The Applet Viewer does not recognize the charset option of the <META> tag. If the file that appletviewer loads is not encoded as the system default, an I/O exception might occur. To avoid the exception, use the -encoding option when you run appletviewer. For example:

appletviewer -encoding JISAutoDetect sample.html

Debugging applets with the Applet Viewer

You can debug applets by using the -debug option of Applet Viewer. When debugging applets, you are advised to invoke the Applet Viewer from the directory that contains the HTML file that calls the applet. For example:

     cd demo/applets/TicTacToe
     ../../bin/appletviewer -debug example1.html

You can find documentation about the debugger and its API at the Sun Web site: http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.3/debugging/

See http://java.sun.com for any legal statements regarding this information.

Java Plug-in HTML converter

The Java Plug-in HTML converter allows you to convert any HTML page that contains applets to a format that will use the Java Plug-in. The tool is in the /usr/java14/bin directory with a jar file in the /usr/java14/lib directory.

For more information about the Java Plug-in HTML Converter, see the Sun Web site: http://java.sun.com/products/plugin/1.3/features.html

The StringTokenizer class

Consider the following string of tokens:

opcode:attributeName:attributeValue\t

In Version 1.2.2, you set the delimiter to ":", and through the nextToken() method of StringTokenizer obtain the token's "opcode" and "attributeName". Then the delimiter is changed to "\t", and token "attributeValue" is returned with StringTokenizer.nextToken().

In Version 1.3 and 1.4, if the delimiter is changed midway through tokenizing, the next token starts with the old delimiter. The token returned is ":attributeValue". Your application must check to see whether the next token is prepended with the previous delimiter when the delimiter has been changed, and remove it if it is.

Using the IPv6 extensions

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 uses the IPv6 extensions to the TCP/IP protocol by default.

On AIX v5.2, if your application uses multicast sockets or your application explicitly uses IPv6 format address, you must enable the network interfaces on your machine to handle IPv6 addresses. The network interfaces can be configured for IPv6 with smitty or by using the autoconf6 or ifconfig commands. Alternatively, if you do not want to use IPv6 protocols, you can set the property java.net.preferIPv4Stack to force the use of IPv4 protocols.

However, all levels of AIX v5.1 currently do not support IPv4-mapped Multicast addresses. If you are using an IPv4 Multicast address, you cannot join a Multicast group whether or not you are switching your application to IPv6. You must change the default of your application by setting the java.net.preferIPv4Stack to true:

java -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true <classname>

where <classname> is the file name of your .class file.

CORBA support

The Java 2 Platform, Service Edition (J2SE) supports, at a minimum, the specifications that are defined in the Official Specifications for CORBA support in J2SE 1.4 at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.1/docs/api/org/omg/CORBA/doc-files/compliance.html. In some cases, the IBM J2SE ORB supports more-recent versions of the specifications.

Support for GIOP 1.2

This SDK supports all versions of GIOP, as defined by chapters 13 and 15 of the CORBA 2.3.1 specification, OMG document formal/99-10-07, which you can obtain from:

http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/99-10-07

Bidirectional GIOP is not supported.

Support for Portable Interceptors

This SDK supports Portable Interceptors, as defined by the OMG in the document ptc/01-03-04, which you can obtain from:

http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ptc/01-03-04

Portable Interceptors are hooks into the ORB through which ORB services can intercept the normal flow of execution of the ORB.

Support for Interoperable Naming Service

This SDK supports the Interoperable Naming Service, as defined by the OMG in the document ptc/00-08-07, which you can obtain from:

http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ptc/00-08-07

The default port that is used by the Transient Name Server (the tnameserv command), when no ORBInitialPort parameter is given, has changed from 900 to 2809, which is the port number that is registered with the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) for a CORBA Naming Service. Programs that depend on this default might have to be updated to work with this version.

The initial context that is returned from the Transient Name Server is now an org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextExt. Existing programs that narrow the reference to a context org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContext still work, and do not need to be recompiled.

The ORB supports the -ORBInitRef and -ORBDefaultInitRef parameters that are defined by the Interoperable Naming Service specification, and the ORB::string_to_object operation now supports the ObjectURL string formats (corbaloc: and corbaname:) that are defined by the Interoperable Naming Service specification.

The OMG specifies a method ORB::register_initial_reference to register a service with the Interoperable Naming Service. However, this method is not available in the Sun Java Core API at Version 1.4.1. Programs that need to register a service in the current version must invoke this method on the IBM internal ORB implementation class. For example, to register a service "MyService":

((com.ibm.CORBA.iiop.ORB)orb).register_initial_reference ("MyService", serviceRef); 

where orb is an instance of org.omg.CORBA.ORB, which is returned from ORB.init(), and serviceRef is a CORBA Object, which is connected to the ORB.This mechanism is an interim one, and is not compatible with future versions or portable to non-IBM ORBs.

System properties for tracing the ORB

A runtime debug feature provides improved serviceability. You might find it useful for problem diagnosis or it might be requested by IBM service personnel. Tracing is controlled by three system properties.

• To turn on tracing, set com.ibm.CORBA.Debug=true .
• To format and add to the trace GIOP messages sent and received, set com.ibm.CORBA.CommTrace=true. By default, ORB tracing goes to files that have names of the form orbtrc.DDMMYYYY.HHmm.SS.txt.
• To send it to a different file, set com.ibm.CORBA.Debug.Output=<filename>.

For example, to trace events and formatted GIOP messages, type:

 java -Dcom.ibm.CORBA.Debug=true
		-Dcom.ibm.CORBA.CommTrace=true myapp   

Do not turn on tracing for normal operation, because it might cause performance degradation. Even if you have switched off tracing, FFDC (First Failure Data Capture) is still working, so that only serious errors are reported. If a debug output file is generated, examine it to check on the problem. For example, the server might have stopped without performing an ORB.shutdown().

The content and format of the trace output might vary from version to version.

System properties for tuning the ORB

The following properties help you to tune the ORB:

• To control GIOP 1.2 fragmentation, set the system property com.ibm.CORBA.FragmentSize.

  For example, to set the fragment size to 4096 bytes:

  java -Dcom.ibm.CORBA.FragmentSize=4096 myapp
  

  The default fragment size is 1024 bytes. You can turn off fragmentation by setting the fragment size to 0.

• In a heterogeneous network, the response to a CORBA Request might be delayed or lost. You can set the maximum time to wait by using the system property com.ibm.CORBA.RequestTimeout. Also, you can use com.ibm.CORBA.LocateRequestTimeout to control the timeout for LocateRequests. For example, to restrict both delays to 30 seconds, type:

  java -Dcom.ibm.CORBA.RequestTimeout=30
       -Dcom.ibm.CORBA.LocateRequestTimeout=30 myapp

  By default, the ORB waits indefinitely for a response. Do not set the timeout too low, or connections might be ended unnecessarily.

• If your program is providing a service in the network, you might have to set, to a well-known value, the number of the port from which the ORB reads incoming requests. You can control this by using the system property com.ibm.CORBA.ListenerPort.

  For example, to make the ORB use port 1050, type:

  java -Dcom.ibm.CORBA.ListenerPort=1050 myapp

  If this property is set, the ORB starts listening as soon as it is initialized. Otherwise, it starts listening only when required.

System properties for vendor ORB compatibility

The following properties may be necessary to enable non-standard behaviour for some vendor ORBs:

• To use the POA ImplicitActivation policy with, for example, older Visibroker ORBs, it may be necessary to set the system property

  com.ibm.CORBA.POACompatibilityMode=true

  This property causes non-standard system exception, CORBA::OBJ_ADAPTER, to be thrown from org.omg.PortableServer.Servant._get_delegate when the delegate is null, in place of the standard exception CORBA::BAD_INV_ORDER.

  When using an ORB whose POA implementation relies upon receiving the CORBA::OBJ_ADAPTER system exception without this property set, the following failure may be observed: org.omg.CORBA.INTERNAL:org.omg.CORBA.BAD_INV_ORDER: The Servant has not been associated with an ORBinstance.

Java 2 security permissions for the ORB

When running with a Java 2 SecurityManager, invocation of some methods in the CORBA API classes might cause permission checks to be made, which might result in a SecurityException. Affected methods include the following:

If your program uses any of these methods, ensure that it is granted the necessary permissions.

ORB implementation classes

The ORB implementation classes in this release are:

• org.omg.CORBA.ORBClass=com.ibm.CORBA.iiop.ORB
• org.omg.CORBA.ORBSingletonClass=com.ibm.rmi.corba.ORBSingleton
• javax.rmi.CORBA.UtilClass=com.ibm.CORBA.iiop.UtilDelegateImpl
• javax.rmi.CORBA.StubClass=com.ibm.rmi.javax.rmi.CORBA.StubDelegateImpl
• javax.rmi.CORBA.PortableRemoteObjectClass=com.ibm.rmi.javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject

These are the default values, and you are advised not to set these properties or refer to the implementation classes directly. For portability, make references only to the CORBA API classes, and not to the implementation. These values might be changed in future releases.

RMI over IIOP

Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) provides a simple mechanism to do distributed Java programming. RMI over IIOP (RMI-IIOP) uses the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) standard Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP protocol) to extend the base Java RMI to perform communication. This allows direct interaction with any other CORBA Object Request Brokers (ORBs), whether they were implemented in Java or another programming language.

For information about IBM and RMI-IIOP, see this IBM Web site:

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/rmi-iiop

The following documentation is available:

• The RMI-IIOP Programmer's Guide is an introduction to writing RMI-IIOP programs. The guide is installed when you install this documentation. You can also find the guide on the Web site above under Supporting documentation (on the right-hand side).
  
• The demo directory (in /usr/java14/) contains:
  • A "Hello World" example that can switch between the Java Remote Method Protocol (JRMP) and IIOP protocols (demo/rmi-iiop/hello)
    
  • A "Hello World" example that interacts with a standard IDL program (demo/rmi-iiop/idl)
    
• The Java Language to IDL Mapping document is a detailed technical specification of RMI-IIOP and can be found at:
  

http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ptc/00-01-06.pdf

AIX native threads

Java runs with system contention scope threads (AIXTHREAD_SCOPE=S). Among other things, this way of running means that a Java thread is mapped one-to-one to each AIX kernel thread and that these threads are scheduled against all other threads in the system. Each thread has an initial priority that is dynamically modified by the AIX scheduler, according to the thread's activity; thread execution is time-sliced. As such, the Java interfaces for setting thread priority have no effect on the thread's actual priority.

For more details on AIX thread scheduling, see:

http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/genprogc/threads_sched.htm

Scaling support

For maximum threads (with JIT), try setting the command-line parameter with -Xss<size> by specifying the maximum native stack size to be smaller than the default value of 512KB. A smaller setting allows for a larger number of threads. For example:

java -Xss<size> <other params>

For maximum file descriptors, use the command line statement ulimit ; for example:

ulimit -n 3000

or chuser; for example:

chuser nofiles=3000 <user_id>

to increase the limit. (ulimit -a shows the current limit.)

AIX Large Address-Space Model support

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 supports AIX's Large Address-Space model. For more details on the large program model, see:

http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/genprogc/lrg_prg_support.htm

By default, Java reserves eight data segments (MAXDATA=0x80000000); this is the maximum number of data segments that is allowed; each segment is 256 MB. You can see this by running dump -o on the java executable. Here is a picture of Java's default virtual memory model:

Segments 3 through 10 are used for storing, among other things, the Java heap, thread stack frames, and JIT buffers. You can monitor Java's use of these segments with the svmon command: svmon -P <java_process_id> -m -i <interval>. See

http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/cmds/aixcmds5/svmon.htm#HDRC013820260JOY

for more information about svmon.

Java uses mmap to allocate heaps that are larger than 1 GB. Because only two segments are available for mmap with Java's default memory model (segment 14 cannot be used because the heap must be contiguous), you must change Java's default memory model to make more segments available for mmap. You do this by exporting the LDR_CNTRL environment variable:

export LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0xn0000000

where n is the number of data segments that will be allocated to the process. For example, if you set LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0x30000000, Java's memory model will look as follows:

Segments 6 through 12 are available for Java's heap. So you could specify a heap size of up to 7x256 MB or 1.75 GB. Note that you can force java to mmap its heap, regardless of heap size, by exporting the environment variable IBM_JAVA_MMAP_JAVA_HEAP=true. If you are writing a JNI program that makes extensive use of mmap/shmat, you probably need to use LDR_CNTRL to reduce MAXDATA. Specifying LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0x00000000 gives interesting results:

In this case, Java's data area and stack both share segment 2. Segments 3 through 12 are available for the mmap, which means that the Java heap could be as large as 2.5 GB. However, because non-object memory allocations (thread stacks or JIT buffers, for example) must now fit in less than one segment, you might see Out of Memory exceptions (depending on the execution characteristics of your program). Consequently, you are not advised to run with LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0x00000000.

AIX Very Large Address-Space Model support

On AIX 5.2 and above, the SDK supports AIX's Very Large Address-Space Model. With the very large address-space model, the SDK's Java heap can span up to 13 segments (3.25 GB). This is possible because the program's shared library code and data are loaded privately (making segments 13 and 15 available to the SDK). To activate the Very Large Address-Space Model, set the DSA keyword in the LDR_CNTRL environment variable as follows:

LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0xn0000000@DSA, where n is either 0, B, C or D.

For example, with LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0x00000000@DSA the memory model looks like this (each segment maps 256 MB of virtual address space):

In this case, the native heap is in segment 2 and segments 3 through 15 are available for the Java heap (allocated using shmat/mmap). Note that the mmap/shmat segments are allocated to start at segment 15 and grow up (toward lower numbered segments). While this configuration permits the largest possible Java heap (3.25 GB), Java's non-object memory allocations (for example, thread stacks, JIT buffers, privately loaded shared library code/data, incremental compaction buffers) must all be able to be contained in segment 2. This might result in OutofMemory exceptions when you run your application.

With LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0xB0000000@DSA the memory model looks like this:

This configuration allows you to run with a Java heap of up to 3 GB (which would be allocated in segments 4 through 15). If you specify a 3 GB heap, only one segment would be available for Java's non-object memory allocations. As mentioned in the previous example, this could result in OutofMemory exceptions. If you see these exceptions, try running with a smaller Java heap. A smaller heap leaves more space for Java's native heap (the native C heap starts in segment 3 and dynamically grows down (toward higher-numbered segments); mmap/shmat allocations return an address in the highest available segment).

For more information about the AIX 5.2 Very Large Programming Model, see the AIX 5.2 General Programming Concepts manual that is located at http://publib16.boulder.ibm.com/pseries/en_US/infocenter/base/aix52.htm. Select General Programming Concepts -> Large Program Support -> Understanding the Very Large Address-Space Model.

The setting of the LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA environment variable value is linked to the size of the heap used by the JVM. To simplify the setting of LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA, the JVM sets an appropriate value that is based on the maximum size of the heap. If LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA is set before you start the JVM, the JVM uses the specified value. The JVM uses the following algorithm to set LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA:

• On AIX 5.2 or later:
  • If the heap size is 3 GB or greater, LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA=0@DSA is set.
  • If the heap size is between 2.3 GB and 3 GB, LDR_CNTR=MAXDATA=0XB0000000@DSA is set
  • If the heap size is less than 2.3GB, LDR_CNTR=MAXDATA=0XA0000000@DSA is set
• On AIX 5.1:
  • If the heap size is greater than 1 GB, LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA is set to an appropriate value. Note that this is an inverse relationship because as the the heap size increases, fewer segments are reserved through the LD_CNTRL=MAXDATA value. For example for a 1 GB heap LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA is set to 0X60000000, while for a 1.5 GB heap, the LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA value is 0X40000000
  • If the heap sizes is smaller than 1 GB, LDR_CNTRL=MAXDATA is set to 0X80000000.
  .

JNI compatibility

If you are writing a C/C++ program that uses the JNI Invocation API (that is, the C/C++ program creates a Java Virtual Machine and calls Java code), you might want to ensure that the following variables are set to the values specified below. By default, all the Java launchers that are shipped with the SDK (for example, java, jar) set up these environment variables to the values that are specified below..

• export AIXTHREAD_SCOPE=S

• export AIXTHREAD_MUTEX_DEBUG=OFF

• export AIXTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEBUG=OFF

• export AIXTHREAD_COND_DEBUG=OFF

The C/C++ compiler on AIX 5.1 is installed in /usr/vacpp. Because of incompatibility between the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 and some system-defined types, compilation of JNI code requires that the compiler uses the flag _AIX43. This flag is defined by default in /etc/vacpp.cfg on AIX 5.1. Ensure that you are building while in the correct SDK environment.

You must build:

• 32-bit executables and shared objects with the -qarch=ppc option
• JNI executables and shared objects as a 32-bit executable or shared object.

The SDK does not support runtime linking (using the -brtl loader option). Any applications that are built for use with the SDK should not rely on runtime linking functionality.

You are recommended to compile your native methods (C/C++ functions called by Java) into AIX shared objects (dynamically loaded libraries). For example, if your native methods are stored in the file nm.c, you could create the shared object with the following command:

cc_r -G -qarch=ppc  -I /usr/java14/include -o libnm.so nm.c

Before running a Java program that uses native methods, ensure that LIBPATH contains the list of directories that are holding the native methods' shared objects. For more information about building AIX shared objects, see "C and C++ Application Development on AIX". Go to http://www.ibm.com/redbooks and search for "SG245674".

When building a C/C++ program that uses the JNI Invocation API to create a java virtual machine and calls java code, you should use the:

• -L option to add /usr/lib and /lib to the list of directories that are searched for shared objects. All programs need shared objects stored in these directories.
• -L option to add /usr/java14/jre/bin/classic and /usr/java14/jre/bin to the list of directories that are searched for shared objects. These directories contain the Java SDK shared libraries. You will also want to link with libjvm.a (using the -ljvm option).
• -bM:UR option to tell AIX to save all general-purpose user registers across system calls that are made by an application. This option is required to ensure correct operation of Java's garbage collector. Note that this option can be used only for C/C++ programs that have a main executable. It must NOT be used to build shared objects. (It could introduce errors if used to build a shared object).

For example, you could use this command to build a C program (invAPITest.c) that uses the JNI Invocation API:

cc_r -qarch=ppc  -I/usr/java14/include
-o invAPITest
-bM:UR
-L/usr/lib
-L/lib
-L/usr/java14/jre/bin/classic
-L/usr/java14/jre/bin
-ljvm invAPITest.c

When executing a C/C++ program that uses the JNI Invocation API to run Java classes, ensure that the CLASSPATH is set up correctly to enable the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to find your class files. If you modify Java's boot class path, include the SDK files that are necessary to run your applications.

To determine whether a C/C++ program that is using the JNI Invocation API was built with the -bM:UR option, use the command:

>dump  -ov <program name>
                        ***Object Module Header***
# Sections    Symbol Ptr    # Symbols     Opt Hdr Len   Flags
         4    0x00000d4e          155              72   0x1002
Flags=( EXEC DYNLOAD )
Timestamp = "Sep 11 13:09:13 2002"
Magic = 0x1df  (32-bit XCOFF)
                        ***Optional Header***
Tsize        Dsize       Bsize       Tstart      Dstart
0x000004b8  0x000001a8  0x00000004  0x10000128  0x200005e0

SNloader     SNentry     SNtext      SNtoc       SNdata
0x0004      0x0002      0x0001      0x0002      0x0002

TXTalign     DATAalign   TOC         vstamp      entry
0x0002      0x0003      0x20000724  0x0001      0x20000704

maxSTACK     maxDATA     SNbss       magic       modtype
0x00000000  0x00000000  0x0003      0x010b        UR

If the modtype is not UR , you can use the LDR_CNTRL environment variable to make programs behave as though they were compiled with the -bM:UR binder option. For example:

export LDR_CNTRL=USERREGS

If you need to specify multiple options with LDR_CNTRL, separate those options with the "@" symbol.

Java threads that are created by the SDK use the POSIX pthreads model that is supported on AIX. Currently, this is on a 1-to-1 mapping with the kernel threads. When developing a JNI program, you must run with a 1-to-1 thread model and system contention scope if creating pthreads in your own program. You can control this by using the following environment setting:

export AIXTHREAD_SCOPE=S

Another option is to preset the thread's scope attribute to PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM using the AIX pthread_attr_setscope function when the thread is created. For more details on thread model and system contention scope, see:

http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/genprogc/understanding_threads.htm#D3A446E559manu

http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/genprogc/threads_sched.htm#D3A44A4324manu

AIX sets default value of the AIXTHREAD_MUTEX_DEBUG, AIXTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEBUG and AIX_THREAD_COND_DEBUG environment variables ON. A JNI program that creates and attaches to a JVM must set these environment variables OFF. See http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixbman/prftungd/2365a81.htm#HDRI34490 (for AIX 5.1).

Note: The old-style native interface is no longer supported.

There is a README file and example programs in the /usr/java14/demo/jni directory. The demos can be optionally installed with the Java14.samples package.

How the JVM processes signals

When a signal is raised that is of interest to the JVM, a signal handler is called. This signal handler determines whether it has been called for a Java or non-Java thread. If the signal is for a Java thread, the JVM takes control of the signal handling. If the signal is for a non-Java thread, and the application that installed the JVM had previously installed its own handler for the signal, control is given to that handler. Otherwise, the signal is ignored (whether or not this is not the signal's default action).

For exception and error signals the JVM either:

• Handles the condition and recovers (when the exception is caused by your application code), or
• Enters a controlled shutdown sequence where it:
  1. Calls your application's signal handler for that signal
  2. Outputs a Javadump, to describe the JVM state at the point of failure
  3. Performs the necessary cleanup to give a clean shutdown

For interrupt signals, the JVM also enters a controlled shutdown sequence, but this time it is treated as a normal termination that:

• Calls your application's signal handler for that signal
• Performs the necessary JVM cleanup

The shutdown is identical to the shutdown initiated by a call to the Java method System.exit().

Other signals that are used by the JVM are for internal control purposes and do not cause it to terminate. The only control signal of interest is SIGQUIT, which causes a Javadump to be generated.

Signals used by the JVM

Table 7 below shows the signals that are used by the JVM. The signals have been grouped in the table by type or use, as follows:

• Exceptions: The operating system synchronously raises an appropriate exception signal whenever a fatal condition occurs.
• Errors: The JVM raises a SIGABRT if it detects a condition from which it cannot recover.
• Interrupts: Interrupt signals are raised asynchronously, from outside a JVM process, to request shutdown.
• Controls: Other signals that are used by the JVM for control purposes.

Use the -Xrs (reduce signal usage) option to prevent the JVM from handling most signals. For more information, see Sun's Java application launcher page at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.1/docs/tooldocs/windows/java.html.

Do not use the -qflttrap C compiler setting because it provides the possibility of SIGTRAPs being generated, which might then impact the JIT. If you want to have floating point exceptions generated, include this call in your code:

fp_trap( FP_TRAP_SYNC)

so that it generates a SIGFPE signal.

If you install a signal handler for signal numbers 5 (SIGTRAP) or 40, you impact JVM performance because these signals are used for internal control purposes.

Signals 1 (SIGHUP), 2 (SIGINT), 4 (SIGILL), 6 (SIGABRT), 7 (SIGEMT), 8 (SIGFPE), 10 (SIGBUS), 11 (SIGSEGV), 12 (SIGSYS), 15 (SIGTERM), 24 (SIGXCPU) , and 25 (SIGXFSZ) cause the JVM to shut down; therefore, an application signal handler should not attempt to recover from these unless it no longer requires the services of the JVM.

Linking a native code driver to the signal-chaining library

The JVM contains a new signal-chaining facility. Signal-chaining enables the JVM to interoperate more efficiently with native code that installs its own signal handlers.

The libjsig.a library ensures that calls such as signal(), sigset(), and sigaction() are intercepted so that their handlers do not replace the JVM's signal handlers. Instead, these calls save the new signal handlers, or "chain" them behind the handlers that are installed by the JVM. Later, when any of these signals are raised and found not to be targeted at the JVM, the preinstalled handlers are invoked.

cc_r  -qarch=ppc  -I/usr/java14/include
  -o invAPITest
  -bM:UR
  -L/usr/lib
  -L/lib
  -L/usr/java14/jre/bin/classic
  -L/usr/java14/jre/bin
  -ljsig
  -ljvm invAPITest.c

cc_r  -G -qarch=ppc  -I /usr/java14/include -L /usr/java14/jre/bin -ljsig -o libnm.so nm.c

If you install signal handlers that use sigaction(), some sa_flags are not observed when the JVM uses the signal. These are:

• SA_RESTART - This is always set.

Using Web Start

Java Web Start is a way of deploying Java technology-based applications. It connects the computer and the Internet and allows the user to launch and manage applications directly from the Web. Java Web Start provides one-click activation of applications, and ensures that you are always running the latest version, eliminating installation or upgrade procedures. Often, distributing software across the Web requires you to find the installer on the Web, download the installer, locate the installer, and execute the installer. After the installer is executed, it prompts for installation directories and installation options such as full, typical, or minimum. This can be a time-consuming and complicated task that must be repeated for each new version of the software.

In contrast, Web-deployed applications, such as your HTML-based e-mail client and calendar, are straightforward to install and use. The Web browser has automated the process. There are no complicated download, setup, and configuration steps, and you are guaranteed to be running the latest version. Java Web Start provides the same benefits to full-featured applications.

For information on the browsers that support Web Start see the section Supported browsers.

For more information about Web Start, see: http://java.sun.com/products/javawebstart and for more documentation, see: http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.1/docs/guide/jws/index.html.

Installing Web Start

The Web Start installation script is installed with the JRE for Java 1.4.1.

You can invoke Web Start in two ways:

1. Select a link on a Web page that is a reference to a .jnlp file.
2. Start javaws from the javaws directory that was created above, therefore starting the Web Start dialog from which applications can be selected.
3. At a shell script, type javaws <URL>, where <URL> is the location of a .jnlp file.

Either of these actions causes Web Start to start the selected application. The application is downloaded if this is the first time it is being used. On later invocations, the original Web site is checked to see whether any updates are available. Web Start downloads these updates before the application is started.

If an error occurs in a jnlp (such as an invalid tag name), Web Start aborts without displaying an error message.

Euro symbol support

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 sets the Euro as the default currency for those countries in the European Monetary Union (EMU) for dates on or after 1 January, 2002.

To use the old national currency, specify -Duser.variant=PREEURO on the Java command line.

If you are running the UK, Denmark, or Sweden locales and want to use the Euro, specify -Duser.variant=EURO on the Java command line.

Enhanced BiDirectional support

The SDK includes enhanced BiDirectional support. For more information, see http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/bidirectional/index.html.

Enhanced BigDecimal

The SDK includes an enhanced BigDecimal class (com.ibm.math.BigDecimal) for Java programming. It is provided (with its supporting class MathContext) as an alternative to the java.math.BigDecimal class.

If you are using the java.math.BigDecimal class in a Java program, and you want to access the enhanced BigDecimal class, you must change the import statement in your source code as shown:

Change import java.math.*; to import com.ibm.math.*;

You do not need to change any other code.

JNDI

The IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 provides a unified interface, the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), to the following naming and directory services:

• Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
• Corba Object Services (COS) Naming Service
• RMI Registry
• filesystem
• Domain Name Service (DNS)

HPROF Performance Profiler and JVMPI

The Java Virtual Machine Profiling Interface (JVMPI) has been extended to include profiling in the IBM JIT. These additional definitions are defined in jvmpi.h .

GetCurrentThreadCpuTime

To enable the JVMPI function GetCurrentThreadCPUTime, you must enable AIX resource collection by setting the environment variable AIXTHREAD_ENRUSG as follows:

export AIXTHREAD_ENRUSG=ON

You see the following message output when performance profiling is switched on:

Warning: Performance profiling is enabled and can cause
performance degradation.
Warning: You can unset AIXTHREAD_ENRUSG to disable
performance profiling.

Ensure that the resource collection is disabled after your profiling session because the overhead for tracking cpu time for individual threads will affect performance. Do not enable resource collection in a production environment. To disable the resource collection, do one of the following:

unset AIXTHREAD_ENRUSG
export AIXTHREAD_ENRUSG=OFF

The default for the Java environment is AIXTHREAD_ENRUSG=OFF.

When the resource collection is enabled, the HPROF profiling agent that is invoked with -Xrunhprof:cpu=times provides meaningful data in the HPROF output.

Known restriction

The JVMPI_EVENT_INSTRUCTION_START event is not currently supported in the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1. It might be added in a future release.

Debugging environment

Traditionally, libraries that are intended for use with java_g must be named with _g; for example, libmyapp_g.a. In the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1, if the SDK cannot locate a library that is named with _g, it tries to locate a library that is named without _g. This makes it possible to use the same library with both the regular and debug versions of the JDK. It means that a JNI application need not provide two versions of its libraries, but can still work with java_g. This enhanced process for loading libraries has made it easier to use the debug version of the JDK (java_g) with JNI applications.

If the library that is named without _g is loaded, a warning message is printed to stderr. Only if this library cannot be found is UnsatisfiedLinkError thrown.

In the event of a core dump in your application when using the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1, you get a javacore text file in addition to the core file. The javacore file has a filename of the format of javacore<process id>.<time>.txt. The <time> is the return value from the time subroutine at the time of the core dump, so each javacore file is not overwritten as for core file.

You can determine the location of the javacore file as follows:

1. If the environment variable IBM_JAVACOREDIR refers to a writable directory, the javacore file is written to that directory.
2. Otherwise, if the current working directory is writable, the javacore file is written there.
3. Otherwise, if the environment variable TMPDIR refers to a writable directory, the javacore file is written to that directory.
4. Otherwise, the javacore file is written to the "/tmp" directory.

The location of the javacore file is written to standard error as a full pathname and is also appended, with a date/time stamp to the file "/tmp/javacore_locations". Basic file locking is used to avoid buried updates of this file.

If the javacore cannot be opened for some reason, the information is written to standard error.

The javacore file provides information of the java program at the time of the core dump. To study JNI native code, you still need to use the core file.

To debug java programs, you can use JPDA or JDB. For native JNI binary programs, you can still use dbx for debugging.

For more information about JPDA and JDB and their usage, see:

• http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/tooldocs/solaris/jdb.html
• http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/jpda/

JPDA

The Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA) is supported in this release. The JPDA classes are shipped in tools.jar, which you must include when developing any java programs that intend to use JPDA. The JPDA can be used only with the JIT disabled. Only socket communication is supported on AIX.

JDB

As in version 1.3.0 and 1.3.1 of the IBM SDK for AIX, Java 2 Technology Edition, the JDB debugger starts up com.sun.tools.example.debug.tty.TTY. This version fully supports the Java Virtual Machine Debugging Interface (JVMDI).

JDB uses the JPDA and allows the jdb example tool to attach to a listening Virtual Machine (VM) or to start a new debug session. It is invoked by the jdb command. To invoke jdb_g to create a new debug session, type:

jdb_g -launch <myapp>

This command attempts to launch a new VM by using the java executable instead of the java_g executable. If the java executable is not found, jdb_g fails.

The JDB can debug remote java applications, including java applications that are running on remote machines over a TCP/IP link. To debug a remote java program, the java program should start as follows:

java -Xdebug -Xnoagent -Xrunjdwp:transport=dt_socket,server=y,
suspend=y -Djava.compiler=NONE <other args> <myapp> <myapp class args>

Specify the port number by the "address" sub-option.

The port on which the JPDA is listening is displayed. At the remote debugging machine, enter:

jdb -attach <machine name or ip address>:<port>

When launching a debug session by using the dt_socket transport, ensure that the specified ports are free to use.

Note: Sun's documentation for using JDB assumes that the JVM to be debugged is a HotSpot JVM. However, IBM implementations of the JVM always run as a Classic JVM. So, when using IBM's JDB, always assume that the -classic option has been implicitly specified and follow the guidance for debugging a Classic JVM. This requires that the -Xnoagent option is specified unless the agent class is required, in which case specify the -Xbootclasspath option to locate it explicitly.

DBX

In addition, you can also use dbx to debug your native JNI code by specifying the full path to the java program as follows:

dbx /usr/java14/jre/bin/java

Under dbx, issue the command:

(dbx) run <MyAppClass>

Java Communications API

This release includes the Java Communications API 2.0 standard extension, which allows Java applications to access RS232 serial ports and IEEE 1284 parallel ports.

The API is shipped in the Java14.ext.commapi fileset (optionally installable) and supports unlimited number of tty's, with ttyn mapped to COM(n+1) where n is 0 or a positive decimal integer:

/dev/tty0 -> COM1
/dev/tty1 -> COM2
...
/dev/tty9 -> COM10
/dev/tty10 -> COM11
...

If a tty is not available, the corresponding COM port is not available. For example, if tty0 and tty2 are available but tty1 is not, COM1 and COM3 can be available but COM2 is not.

For API details, see http://www.javasoft.com/products/javacomm/.

JavaHelp

This release includes JavaHelp 1.1.2. The fileset, Java14.ext.javahelp, is optionally installable. For more information, see the Readme in /usr/java14/javahelp (after installing the fileset) and http://www.javasoft.com/products/javahelp/.

Java Plug-in/Appletviewer

If you use the Applet Viewer to run an applet that is in the CLASSPATH, you might get an AccessControlException in Swing. Because the CLASSPATH implicitly contains the current directory ".", this exception might occur if you run the Java Plug-in in the same directory that the applet class itself is in.

To work around this problem, ensure that:

• No CLASSPATH references exist to the applet that you are attempting to run in the Java Plug-in or the appletviewer.
• You are not running the applet from the same directory that the class is in.

Java Plug-in for AIX Communicator V4

The AIX install for the Java Plug-in creates the symbolic link javaplugin.so in /usr/netscape/communicator/plugins, under the assumption that Netscape for AIX is installed there. If you have installed Netscape in a different directory, create the link in the directory in which you have installed Netscape. You are no longer required to extend the LIBPATH for the Java Plug-in as in AIX SDK 1.2.2. In addition, to work around problems that you might have with Netscape's version of the C runtime (libc.a), any LIBPATH entries that contain "netscape/communicator" are ignored in the LIBPATH that is passed to the Plug-in's JVM. The Plug-in's JVM should load the system C runtime (/lib/libc.a) only. The side effect of this is that LIBPATH dependent JVM calls (such as System.loadLibrary()) return an UnsatisifiedLinkError exception if you attempt to load a shared library from a "netscape/communicator" path from within the Plug-in.

This Java Plug-in supports Netscape 4.8 and backward-compatible newer versions, and will not load with earlier versions of the Netscape browser that shipped with the AIX operating system. Fixes for this browser are available at: http://aix.software.ibm.com/aix/efixes/netscape/

Note: Only one Plug-in shared library must be in /usr/netscape/communicator/plugins for Netscape 4. Netscape attempts to load anything that is in that directory or subdirectories underneath it as a Plug-in, and results are unpredictable if two versions of the Java Plug-in are loaded. The AIX install for the Java Plug-in 1.4.1 removes any existing javaplugin.so or javaplugin.a link in /usr/netscape/communicator/plugins. Java 1.2.2, 1.3.0, or 1.3.1 create the javaplugin.a link but do not remove the javaplugin.so link that is created by Java 1.4.1.

Java Plug-in for AIX Netscape 7

The AIX install for the Java Plug-in creates the symbolic link libjavaplugin_oji.so in /usr/netscape/base/plugins, under the assumption that Netscape for AIX is installed there. If you have installed Netscape in a different directory, create the link in the directory in which you have installed Netscape.

This Java Plug-in supports Netscape 7.0 and backwards-compatible newer versions.

Note: Only one Plug-in shared library must be in /usr/netscape/base/plugins for Netscape 7. Netscape attempts to load anything in that directory or subdirectories underneath it as a Plug-in, and results are unpredictable if two versions of the Java Plug-in are loaded. The AIX install for the Java Plug-in 1.4.1 removes any existing /usr/netscape/base/plugins/libjavaplugin_oji.so link.

Changing the properties of the Java Plug-in

You can change the properties of the Java Plug-in from the control panel, which can be run as a standalone Java application. To launch this Java application, run the shell script:

/usr/java14/jre/bin/JavaPluginControlPanel

Use Help About Plug-ins in Netscape Communicator and Netscape 7 to verify that the Java Plug-in is available and enabled.

Using the Java Plug-in

The Java Plug-in is a Web browser plug-in. If you use the Java Plug-in, you can bypass your Web browser's default JVM and use instead a Runtime Environment for running applets or beans in the browser.

The Java Plug-in is documented by Sun at: http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.1/docs/guide/plugin/developer_guide/.

Supported browsers

1. Netscape 4 can fail if you click the Back button while a 1.4.1 applet is running through the Plug-in (a problem not unique to the Java Plug-in).
2. The <APPLET> tag does not invoke the Plug-in on Netscape 4. On Netscape 7, the <APPLET>, <OBJECT>, and <EMBED> tags invoke the Plug-in. On Netscape 4, only <OBJECT> and <EMBED> invoke the Plug-in.

Common Document Object Model (DOM) support

Because of limitations in particular browsers, you might not be able to implement all the functions of the org.w3c.dom.html package.

• A sun.plugin.dom.exception.NotSupportedException is thrown for some of these functions.
• A sun.plugin.dom.exception.InvalidStateException is thrown when the browser does not support a particular function.

Using DBCS parameters

The Java Plug-in supports double-byte characters (for example Chinese Traditional BIG-5, Korean, Japanese) as parameters for the tags <APPLET>, <OBJECT>, and <EMBED>. You must select the correct character encoding for your HTML document so that the Java Plug-in can parse the parameter. Specify character encoding for your HTML document by using the <META> tag in the <HEAD> section like this:

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=big5">

This example tells the browser to use the Chinese BIG-5 character encoding to parse the HTML file using. All the parameters are passed to the Java Plug-in correctly. However, some of the older versions of browsers might not understand this tag correctly. In this case, you can force the browser to ignore this tag, but you might have to change the encoding manually.

You can specify which encoding you want to use to parse the HTML file:

• Netscape 4: View Menu -> Character Set
• Netscape 7: View Menu -> Character Coding

Java security

For information about Java security, see the Java Security User Guide for AIX 32-bit Version for POWER, which you will find at /usr/java14/docs/securityguide.aix32.htm.

Java 3D for AIX

This release includes Java 3D for AIX, version 1.3. The fileset, Java14.ext.java3d, is optionally installable. For more information, read /usr/java14/java3d/README.java3d.aix.txt (after installing the fileset).

Transforming XML documents into HTML

The IBM SDK contains the XSLT4J 2.5 and XML4J 4.2 parsers that conform to the JAXP 1.2 specification. These parsers allow you to parse and transform XML documents independently of any given XML processing implementation. By using "Factory Finders" to locate the SAXParserFactory, DocumentBuilderFactory and TransformerFactory implementations, your application can swap between different implementations without having to change any code.

The XSLT4J 2.5 processor allows you to choose between the original XSLT Interpretive processor or the new XSLT Compiling processor. The Interpretive processor is designed for tooling and debugging environments and supports the XSLT extension functions that are not supported by the XSLT Compiling processor. The XSLT Compiling processor is designed for high performance runtime environments; it generates a transformation engine, or translet, from an XSL stylesheet. This approach separates the interpretation of stylesheet instructions from their runtime application to XML data.

The XSLT Interpretive processor is the default processor. To select the XSLT Compiling processor you can:

• Change the entry in the jaxp.properties file (located in /usr/java14/jre/lib), or
• Set the system property for the javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory key to org.apache.xalan.xsltc.trax.TransformerFactoryImpl.

Using an older version of Xerces or Xalan

If you are using an older version of Xerces or Xalan in the endorsed override, you might get a null pointer exceptions when you startup your application. This exception occurs because these older versions do not handle the jaxp.properties file correctly.

To avoid this situation, use one of the following workarounds:

• Upgrade to a newer version of the application that implements the latest Java API for XML Programming (JAXP) specification (http://java.sun.com/xml/jaxp/index.html).
• Remove the jaxp.properties file from /usr/java14/jre/lib
• Uncomment the entries in the jaxp.properties file in /usr/java14/jre/lib.
• Explicitly set the SAX Parser, DocumentBuilder or Transformer factory using the IBM_JAVA_OPTIONS environment variable. For example:

set IBM_JAVA_OPTIONS=-Djavax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory=org.apache.xerces.jaxp.SAXParserFactoryImpl

or

set IBM_JAVA_OPTIONS=-Djavax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory=org.apache.xerces.jaxp.DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl

or

set IBM_JAVA_OPTIONS=-Djavax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory=org.apache.xalan.processor.TransformerFactoryImpl

• Set the system property for javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory, javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory, or javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory from within your application's code. For an example, see the JAXP 1.2 specification.

Shipping Java applications

A Java application, unlike a Java applet, cannot rely on a Web browser for installation and runtime services. When you ship a Java application, your software package probably consists of the following parts:

• Your own class, resource, and data files
  
• AIX Runtime Environment (optional)
  
• An installation procedure or program
  

Your application can either pre-req the AIX SDK or ship with a AIX Runtime Environment. Note that the AIX SDK license does not allow you to redistribute any of the SDK's files with your application. You can redistribute the AIX Runtime Environment with your application. The AIX Runtime Environment is available from the AIX Java Web site: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/aix). Click on the Download link on the right-hand side of the page and follow the links to the Java 1.4 download page.

Accessibility

The User Guides that are supplied with this SDK and the Runtime Environment have been tested by using screen readers. You can use a screen reader such as the Home Page Reader or the JAWS screen reader with these User Guides.

To change the font sizes in the User Guides, use the function that is supplied with your browser, usually found under the View menu option.

For users who require keyboard navigation, a description of useful keystrokes for Swing applications is in "Swing Component Keystroke Assignments" at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/api/javax/swing/doc-files/Key-Index.html

iKeyman accessibility

The iKeyman tool has a GUI only; however, the IBM 32-bit SDK for AIX, v1.4.1 provides the command-line tool IKEYCMD that has the same functions that iKeyman has. IKEYCMD allows you to manage keys, certificates, and certificate requests. You can call IKEYCMD from native shell scripts and from programs that are to be used when applications need to add custom interfaces to certificate and key management tasks. IKEYCMD can create key database files for all the types that iKeyman currently supports. IKEYCMD can also create certificate requests, import CA signed certificates, and manage self-signed certificates.

To run an IKEYCMD command, enter:

java [-Dikeycmd.properties=<properties file>]com.ibm.gsk.ikeyman.ikeycmd
<object><action>[options]

where:

<object>

is one of the following:

-keydb

Actions that are taken on the key database (either a CMS key database file, a WebDB keyring file, or SSLight class)

-version

Displays version information for IKEYCMD

<action>

The specific action that is to be taken on the object. This action is one of the following:

-cert

Actions that are to be taken on a certificate

-certreq

Actions that are to be taken on a certificate request

-Dikeycmd.properties

Specifies the name of an optional properties file to use for this Java invocation. A default properties file, ikeycmd.properties, is provided as a sample file that can be changed and used by any Java application.

-help

Displays help for the IKEYCMD invocations.

Large Swing menu accessibility

If you have a Swing JMenu that has more entries than can be displayed on the screen, you can navigate through the menu items by using the down or up arrow keys.

Keyboard traversal of JComboBox components in Swing

If you traverse the drop-down list of a JComboBox component with the cursor keys, the button or editable field of the combo box does not change value until an item is selected. This is the desired behavior for this release and improves accessibility and usability by ensuring that the keyboard traversal behavior is consistent with mouse traversal behavior.

Web Start accessibility

The IBM Java Web Start application can be used in three modes:

• With links to .jnlp files on html pages in your browser
• With the Java Web Start Application Manager
• With the command javaws URL

Most Web Start use is from Web sites that contain .jnlp files, and is therefore accessible.

IBM Java Webstart V1.2 contains several accessibility and usability improvements over the previous release, including better support for screen readers and improved keyboard navigation.

The command line can be used only to launch a Java application that is enabled for Web Start. To change preference options requires editing a configuration file. This file is .javaws/javaws.cfg in the user's home directory. Take a backup before you edit the file with an accessible editor. Note that not all the preferences that can be set in the Web Start Application Manager can be set from the configuration file.

Known problems and limitations

Printing

If you have difficulty with print operations, try increasing the size of the default file system that is used for print spooling to be larger than the printed postscript file size.

Printing of Java applets when run using the Netscape plug-in is not supported. Use the applet viewer for printing.

Font quality in AWT

Text rendering for Java AWT TextField and TextArea components is performed by the AIX rasterizer for X/Motif text widgets. Currently, you might experience text dropouts at small font sizes for some fonts. This will be addressed in a future AIX release. To avoid the problem, use a font size that is greater than 12 points for AWT TextField and TextArea components.

Japanese Input Method

On AIX 5.1, use the short locale name for Japanese UTF-8, LANG=JA_JP, instead of LANG=JA_JP.UTF-8.

For the specified font limitation for the TextArea or TextField component, the IM status might not be displayed completely on the IM status area which is at the bottom of the window. For AIX IM, you might see the whole IM status string if you resize that window, but this function is not effective for Wnn6 andWnn7.

If you are using Wnn7, you need jkit.Wnn7.base 2.3.0.4 (APAR IY34699, PTF U484621) or later. When you are using Yosoku-kouho (predict conversion) on a TextArea or TextField component, complete Kana-Kanji conversion before changing the window focus. If the changed window's IM is activated, the Yosoku-kouho window might not work properly.

When you are using Wnn6 or Wnn7, you may not turn off Root IM window. If you see this situation, select Restart on xwnmo's system menu. For Wnn7, you must change the window focus to another window and the focus should be backed to an input window.

Creating a JVM

• Native programs cannot create a 1.1 JVM. It is not possible to call JNI_CreateJavaVM() and pass it a version of JNI_VERSION_1_1(0x00010001). The versions that can be passed are:
  • JNI_VERSION_1_2(0x00010002)
  • JNI_VERSION_1_4(0x00010004)

  The JVM created in every case is the one specified by the libraries (that is, 1.2.2, 1.3.x, 1.4.x), not the one that is implied by the JNI interface. The interface API does not affect the language specification that is implemented by the JVM, the class library APIs, or any other area of JVM behavior. The interface API specifies only how native code can invoke the required behavior.

Stopping an applet while using Netscape 4

Stopping an applet running with the Java Plug-in by using Back or Go->Back on Netscape 4 might cause the browser to fail. The workaround is to use Netscape 7 instead, because Netscape 7 does not have this problem.

Opening a helper application

Netscape 7 does not allow you to open a helper application directly by clicking on a link when Netscape 7 is run as the root user. The workaround is to run as a non-root user. This limitation is of particular significance when using Web Start.

Any comments on this User Guide?

If you have any comments about the usefulness, or otherwise, of this User Guide, we would be pleased to hear from you through one of these channels. Please note that these channels are not set up to answer technical queries, but are for comments about the documentation only. Send your comments:

• By e-mail to idrcf@hursley.ibm.com.
• By fax:
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• By mail to:
  IBM United Kingdom Ltd
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  Mail Point 095
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Notices

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