Security Bulletin: Multiple security vulnerabilities in IBM Business Automation Manager Open Editions

Vulnerability Details

CVEID:   CVE-2026-11525
DESCRIPTION:   Impact: When undici parses a Set-Cookie header, it accepts any SameSite attribute value that contains Strict, Lax, or None as a substring, rather than the case-insensitive exact match specified by RFC 6265. Non-spec values are silently mapped to one of the three standard tokens. For example, SameSite=NoneOfYourBusiness is parsed as None (the most permissive setting), and SameSite=StrictLax is parsed as Lax (a downgrade from Strict). Affected applications are those that consume Set-Cookie headers from server responses (for example via undici's fetch or proxy code paths) and then forward or rely on the parsed sameSite attribute. A malicious or non-compliant server can coerce the consumer's view of a cookie's SameSite policy to a weaker value, silently degrading the SameSite enforcement the cookie is supposed to provide. This was introduced in undici 5.15.0 when the cookies feature was added. Patches: Upgrade to undici v6.26.0, v7.28.0 or v8.5.0. Workarounds: After parsing a Set-Cookie header, validate that the resulting sameSite attribute is one of 'Strict', 'Lax', or 'None' (exact, case-insensitive) before forwarding or relying on it.
CWE:   CWE-183: Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
CVSS Source:   openjs
CVSS Base score:   3.7
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-12151
DESCRIPTION:   Impact: The undici WebSocket client enforces maxPayloadSize on the cumulative byte count of fragments in a message but does not enforce a limit on the number of fragments. A malicious WebSocket server can stream many small or empty continuation frames that each pass per-frame and cumulative-size validation, collectively causing unbounded memory growth in the client process. The result is memory exhaustion and a denial of service. Affected applications are those using the undici WebSocket client (new WebSocket(...)) or the WebSocketStream API that can be induced to connect to an attacker-controlled or compromised WebSocket endpoint. All releases starting at undici 6.17.0 are affected. Patches: Upgrade to undici = 6.26.0, = 7.28.0, or = 8.5.0. Workarounds: No workaround is available. The fix must be applied through an upgrade.
CWE:   CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
CVSS Source:   openjs
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-6733
DESCRIPTION:   Impact: Undici's HTTP/1.1 client is vulnerable to response queue poisoning on reused keep-alive sockets. An attacker-controlled upstream server can inject an unsolicited HTTP/1.1 response onto an idle socket after a request completes. When the client dispatches the next request on that socket, it associates the injected response with the new request, causing responses to be delivered to the wrong requests. This requires an attacker-controlled or compromised upstream HTTP/1.1 server and keep-alive connection reuse. Patches: Upgrade to undici v6.26.0, v7.28.0 or v8.5.0. Workarounds: Disable keep-alive connection reuse by setting keepAliveTimeout: 0 on the Client or Pool.
CWE:   CWE-367: Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
CVSS Source:   openjs
CVSS Base score:   3.7
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-9679
DESCRIPTION:   Impact: undici's cookie parser in parseSetCookie percent-decodes cookie values via qsUnescape, turning encoded sequences like %0D%0A, %00, %3B, and %3D into their literal byte equivalents. RFC 6265 §5.4 does not specify any decoding and browsers do not decode either. Applications that parse a Set-Cookie header and then forward the parsed value into a response header (proxies, middleware, SSR frameworks) become vulnerable to HTTP response header injection: an attacker-controlled upstream can inject arbitrary Set-Cookie, Location, or Cache-Control headers into the application's downstream response, enabling session fixation, open redirect, or cache poisoning. Affected applications are those that use undici's cookie parsing (parseSetCookie, parseCookie, getSetCookies) and forward the parsed cookie value into a response header. This was introduced in undici 7.0.0 via PR #3789. Patches: Upgrade to undici v6.26.0, v7.28.0 or v8.5.0. Workarounds: If upgrade is not immediately possible, do not forward values returned by parseSetCookie/parseCookie/getSetCookies directly into response headers; sanitize the value first to strip or reject CR, LF, NUL, ;, and = bytes.
CWE:   CWE-93: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')
CVSS Source:   openjs
CVSS Base score:   5.9
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-12143
DESCRIPTION:   form-data is a library for creating readable multipart/form-data streams. In versions through 4.0.5, the `field` argument to `FormData#append` and the `filename` option are concatenated verbatim into the `Content-Disposition` header without escaping carriage return (CR), line feed (LF), or double-quote (") characters. An application that passes attacker-controlled data as a field name or filename (for example, an API gateway that turns JSON object keys into multipart field names) allows the attacker to terminate the header line and inject additional headers, or to smuggle entire additional multipart parts, into the request the application forwards to a backend. This can let the attacker add or override form fields (e.g. set `is_admin=true`) seen by the downstream parser. This is an instance of CWE-93 (CRLF injection). The fix escapes CR, LF, and `"` as `%0D`, `%0A`, and `%22` in field names and filenames, matching the serialization browsers use per the WHATWG HTML multipart/form-data encoding algorithm. Exploitation requires the consuming application to use untrusted input as a field name or filename; applications that use only fixed/trusted field names are not affected. Fixed in 2.5.6, 3.0.5, and 4.0.6.
CWE:   CWE-93: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')
CVSS Source:   harborist
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-50559
DESCRIPTION:   Quarkus is a Java framework for building cloud-native applications. Prior to versions 3.37.0, 3.36.3, 3.33.2.1, 3.33.3, 3.27.4.1, 3.27.5, and 3.20.6.2, Quarkus HTTP path-based authorization policies can be bypassed using encoded semicolons (%3B) to smuggle matrix parameters past the security layer, and using encoded slashes (%2F) or backslashes (%5C) to access protected static resources. This is a distinct issue from CVE-2026-39852, which addressed only literal semicolon stripping. Versions 3.37.0, 3.36.3, 3.33.2.1, 3.33.3, 3.27.4.1, 3.27.5, and 3.20.6.2 contain a patch.
CWE:   CWE-287: Improper Authentication
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-27145
DESCRIPTION:   (*x509.Certificate).VerifyHostname previously called matchHostnames in a loop over all DNS Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries. This caused strings.Split(host, ".") to execute repeatedly on the same input hostname. With a large DNS SAN list, verification costs scaled quadratically based on the number of SAN entries multiplied by the hostname's label count. Because x509.Verify validates hostnames before building the certificate chain, this overhead occurred even for untrusted certificates.
CWE:   CWE-606: Unchecked Input for Loop Condition
CVSS Source:   CISA ADP
CVSS Base score:   6.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-42505
DESCRIPTION:   Handshakes which used Encrypted Client Hello could be de-anonymized by a passive network observer due to a disclosure of pre-shared key identities in the unencrypted client hello.
CWE:   CWE-201: Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data
CVSS Source:   CISA ADP
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-42507
DESCRIPTION:   When returning errors, functions in the net/textproto package would include its input as part of the error. This might allow an attacker to inject misleading content to errors that are printed or logged.
CVSS Source:   CISA ADP
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-40983
DESCRIPTION:   In Micrometer, it is possible for a user to provide specially crafted gRPC requests that may cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition. Affected versions: Micrometer 1.16.0 through 1.16.5; 1.15.0 through 1.15.11.
CWE:   CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
CVSS Source:   security@vmware.com
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-40984
DESCRIPTION:   In Micrometer, it is possible for a user to provide specially crafted HTTP requests that may cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition. Affected versions: micrometer-core 1.16.0 through 1.16.5; 1.15.0 through 1.15.11; 1.14.0 through 1.14.15; 1.13.0 through 1.13.18; 1.9.0 through 1.9.17. micrometer-jetty11 1.16.0 through 1.16.5; 1.15.0 through 1.15.11; 1.14.0 through 1.14.15; 1.13.0 through 1.13.18. micrometer-jetty12 1.16.0 through 1.16.5; 1.15.0 through 1.15.11; 1.14.0 through 1.14.15; 1.13.0 through 1.13.18.
CWE:   CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
CVSS Source:   security@vmware.com
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-13676
DESCRIPTION:   fast-uri versions 2.3.1 through 3.1.2 and 4.0.0 fail to canonicalize Unicode (IDN) hostnames for HTTP-family URLs. The IDN conversion path calls a helper that does not exist on the global URL constructor, silently leaving the host in its original Unicode form while normalize() and equal() still return values that differ from a WHATWG-compatible URL parser. Applications that use fast-uri to enforce host-based policy (denylists, loopback filtering, redirect validation, outbound proxy routing) before passing the same URL to Node's URL or fetch can be bypassed when the two implementations resolve the same input to different hosts. Patches: upgrade to fast-uri 3.1.3 for the 3.x line or 4.0.1 for the 4.x line. Workarounds: enforce host policy using the same URL parser used for the actual request, or reject non-ASCII hosts before policy checks.
CWE:   CWE-436: Interpretation Conflict
CVSS Source:   openjs
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-10532
DESCRIPTION:   Deserialization of untrusted data vulnerability in QOS.CH Sarl logback logback-core (HardenedObjectInputStream (logback-core) modules) allows Object Injection, albeit heavily restricted. More precisely, an attacker able to influence serialized data sent to SimpleSocketServer or SimpleSSLSocketServer can instantiate Proxy objects. Although deserialization is heavily restricted by HardenedObjectInputStream and no practical way to achieve remote code execution or significant privilege escalation has been identified, this issue constitutes a bypass of the intended security restrictions. This issue affects logback: through 1.5.33 inclusive.
CWE:   CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data
CVSS Source:   vulnerability@ncsc.ch
CVSS Base score:   2.9
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:M/U:Green)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-53550
DESCRIPTION:   js-yaml is a JavaScript YAML parser and dumper. Prior to 4.2.0 and 3.15.0, a crafted YAML document can trigger algorithmic CPU exhaustion in js-yaml merge-key processing () by repeating the same alias many times in a merge sequence. This causes quadratic parse-time behavior relative to input size and can block a Node.js worker/event loop for seconds with a relatively small payload (tens of KB), resulting in denial of service. The issue is in merge handling inside lib/loader.js. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.2.0 and 3.15.0.
CWE:   CWE-407: Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54512
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.10.0 until 2.18.8, 2.21.4, and 3.1.4, jackson-databind's PolymorphicTypeValidator (PTV) is the primary safety mechanism guarding polymorphic deserialization. When polymorphic typing is enabled and a type identifier contains generic parameters (i.e. the type ID string contains ), DatabindContext._resolveAndValidateGeneric() validates only the raw container class name (the substring before ) against the configured PTV. If the container type is approved, the method parses the full canonical type string via TypeFactory.constructFromCanonical() and returns the fully parameterized type without ever validating the nested type arguments against the PTV. The nested type arguments are then resolved, instantiated, and populated as beans during deserialization. An attacker who controls the type ID can therefore place a denied class as a generic type parameter of an allowed container — for example java.util.ArrayListcom.evil.Gadget when only java.util.ArrayList is allow-listed. The container passes the PTV check; com.evil.Gadget is loaded via Class.forName(name, true, loader), instantiated, and its properties are set from attacker-controlled JSON. This completely bypasses an explicitly configured PTV allow-list. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.18.8, 2.21.4, and 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-184: Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   8.1
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54513
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.10.0 until 2.18.8, 2.21.4, and 3.1.4, BasicPolymorphicTypeValidator.Builder.allowIfSubTypeIsArray() allowlists any array type based only on clazz.isArray(), without validating the array's component (element) type against the configured allowlist. A PTV built with allowIfSubTypeIsArray() plus an explicit concrete-type allowlist therefore still permits EvilType[] even though EvilType is not allowlisted. When Jackson deserializes the elements and no per-element type IDs are present, it instantiates the component type directly with no further PTV check, bypassing the allowlist. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.18.8, 2.21.4, and 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-184: Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   8.1
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54514
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.0.0 until 2.18.8, 2.21.4, and 3.1.4, JDKFromStringDeserializer constructed InetSocketAddress with new InetSocketAddress(host, port), which performs eager DNS name resolution for hostname inputs at deserialization time. An application that binds untrusted JSON into a type containing an InetSocketAddress field issues an attacker-chosen DNS query during readValue, before any application-level validation or connect logic. The fix uses InetSocketAddress.createUnresolved(host, port), deferring DNS to an explicit connect. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.18.8, 2.21.4, and 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54515
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.8.0 until 2.18.9, 2.21.5, and 3.1.4, in BeanDeserializerBase.createContextual(), per-property @JsonIgnoreProperties exclusions are applied by _handleByNameInclusion(), producing a contextual deserializer whose BeanPropertyMap has the ignored properties removed. The subsequent per-property case-insensitivity block (triggered by @JsonFormat(ACCEPT_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PROPERTIES)) rebuilds from this._beanProperties (the original, unfiltered map) instead of contextual._beanProperties, then overwrites the filtered map — restoring every property _handleByNameInclusion had just removed. The ignored property becomes writable again. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.18.9, 2.21.5, and 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-915: Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54516
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.21.0 until 2.21.4 and 3.1.4, POJOPropertiesCollector._renameProperties() allows a property with @JsonProperty("renamed") on the getter and @JsonIgnore on the setter to be renamed rather than dropped. With MapperFeature.INFER_PROPERTY_MUTATORS enabled (default), the private backing field is retained; during deserialization BeanDeserializerFactory.addBeanProps() sees hasField()==true, builds a FieldProperty, and makes the backing field writable. An attacker supplying the renamed JSON key writes the backing field directly, bypassing the @JsonIgnore on the setter. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-915: Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54517
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.21.0 until 2.21.4 and 3.1.4, in BeanDeserializer._deserializeUsingPropertyBased, the active-view (@JsonView) filter was applied only to creator properties; the regular property-buffering branch performed no prop.visibleInView(activeView) check. A change making SetterlessProperty.isMerging() return true routed setterless Collection/Map properties through this unguarded path, so a setterless collection annotated with a restricted @JsonView is populated from attacker JSON even when the active view excludes it. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.21.4 and 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-863: Incorrect Authorization
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   5.3
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54518
DESCRIPTION:   jackson-databind contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality and tree-model for Jackson Data Processor. From 2.21.0 until 2.21.4 and 3.1.4, UnwrappedPropertyHandler.processUnwrappedCreatorProperties() replays buffered JSON into creator parameters but never consults prop.visibleInView(activeView). The normal property-based creator path gates creator properties on the active view, but this unwrapped-creator replay path bypasses that check, so a constructor parameter annotated with both @JsonView(AdminView.class) and @JsonUnwrapped is populated from attacker JSON even when a more restrictive view is active. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.21.4 and 3.1.4.
CWE:   CWE-863: Incorrect Authorization
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   6.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-54291
DESCRIPTION:   pgjdbc is an open source postgresql JDBC Driver. In releases 42.7.4 through 42.7.11, channelBinding=require connections can be silently downgraded from SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS with channel binding to plain SCRAM-SHA-256 without it, losing the man-in-the-middle protection the setting is meant to guarantee. An attacker who can intercept the TLS connection can trigger the downgrade with a certificate whose signature algorithm has no tls-server-end-point channel-binding hash, because the bundled com.ongres.scram:scram-client returns an empty byte array instead of failing and pgJDBC ScramAuthenticator checks only that the server advertised a PLUS mechanism, without rejecting the empty binding or checking that the negotiated mechanism uses channel binding. This issue is fixed in version 42.7.12.
CWE:   CWE-636: Not Failing Securely ('Failing Open')
CVSS Source:   NVD
CVSS Base score:   5.9
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-9563
DESCRIPTION:   In Eclipse Parsson published Maven Central artifacts before version 1.1.8, the JSON parser did not enforce a default maximum on the number of characters consumed while parsing a single JSON document. Applications that parse attacker- controlled JSON can be forced to consume excessive CPU and memory by processing very large documents, including large arrays, objects, strings, numbers, whitespace, or nested structures, resulting in a denial of service. Eclipse Parsson 1.1.8 introduces a configurable maximum parsing limit with a default limit of 15 million parser-consumed characters.
CWE:   CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
CVSS Source:   emo@eclipse.org
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-13006
DESCRIPTION:   ACE vulnerability in conditional configuration file processing by QOS.CH logback-core up to and including version 1.5.36 in Java applications, allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code circumventing existing protections against CVE-2025-11226 by compromising an existing logback configuration file or by injecting an environment variable before program execution. A successful attack requires the presence of Janino library to be present on the user's class path. In addition, the attacker must  have write access to a configuration file. Alternatively, the attacker could inject a malicious environment variable pointing to a malicious configuration file. In both cases, the attack requires existing privilege. Please note that in logack version 1.5.37 conditional processing using Janino was removed.
CWE:   CWE-20: Improper Input Validation
CVSS Source:   vulnerability@ncsc.ch
CVSS Base score:   7
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:P/AU:N/R:X/V:X/RE:M/U:Green)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-59869
DESCRIPTION:   js-yaml is a JavaScript YAML parser and dumper. From 3.0.0 before 3.15.0 and from 4.0.0 before 4.3.0, js-yaml can spend quadratic CPU time parsing a document whose size grows only linearly when a chain of mappings uses merge keys where each mapping merges the previous one. This issue is fixed in versions 3.15.0 and 4.3.0.
CWE:   CWE-407: Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
CVSS Source:   security-advisories@github.com
CVSS Base score:   7.5
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)

CVEID:   CVE-2026-13149
DESCRIPTION:   brace-expansion through 5.0.6 is vulnerable to denial of service. The expand() function exhibits exponential-time complexity in the number of consecutive non-expanding '{}' brace groups. An attacker who passes a crafted string to expand(), directly or transitively, can cause significant CPU consumption and event-loop blocking. The max option does not mitigate this, as it bounds the output size rather than the recursion work.
CWE:   CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
CVSS Source:   seal
CVSS Base score:   7.7
CVSS Vector:   (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/S:N/AU:Y/R:U/V:D/RE:M/U:Amber)