Writing the INCLUDE statement

Suppose it is the end of the year and you want to sort, by title, only the books that you need to reorder for the coming year. If the number of copies sold this year for a particular book is greater than the number in stock, you can assume you need to order more copies.

An INCLUDE statement that selects only the books you need to order looks like this:

Here are the steps for writing this INCLUDE statement:

Table 1. Steps to Create the INCLUDE Statement for Books You Need to Order
Step	Action
1	Leave at least one blank and type INCLUDE
2	Leave at least one blank and type COND=
3	Type, in parentheses, and separated by commas: The location, length, and data format of the number sold field The comparison operator GT (comparison operators are shown in Figure 1) for greater than The location, length, and data format of the number in stock field.

You can select from the following comparison operators:

Figure 1. Comparison Operators

Comparison Operator: Meaning
EQ: Equal to
NE: Not equal to
GT: Greater than
GE: Greater than or equal to
LT: Less than
LE: Less than or equal to

You can place the SORT statement either before or after the INCLUDE statement. Control statements do not have to be in any specific order. However, it is good documentation practice to code them in the order in which they are processed. For a flowchart showing the order in which all the control statements are processed, see Processing order of control statements.

  INCLUDE COND=(166,4,BI,GT,162,4,BI)
  SORT FIELDS=(1,75,CH,A)

This sorts the selected subset of the input records by title in ascending order. Table 2 shows the sorted data set.

Table 2. Books for which Number Sold is greater than Number in Stock
Book Title	Number In Stock	Number Sold
1 75	162 165	166 169
ADVANCED TOPICS IN PSYCHOANALYSIS COMPUTER LANGUAGES COMPUTERS: AN INTRODUCTION CRISES OF THE MIDDLE AGES EDITING SOFTWARE MANUALS INKLINGS: AN ANTHOLOGY OF YOUNG POETS INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY MODERN ANTHOLOGY OF WOMEN POETS NUMBERING SYSTEMS STRATEGIC MARKETING SUPPLYING THE DEMAND SYSTEM PROGRAMMING THE COMPLETE PROOFREADER	1 5 20 14 13 2 6 1 6 3 0 4 7	12 29 26 17 32 32 11 26 27 35 32 23 19

Suppose you want to reduce the subset of input records even further, to sort only the books you need to order from COR publishers. In this case, two conditions must be true:

The number sold is greater than the number in stock.
The book is published by COR.

To add the second condition, expand the INCLUDE statement by adding a logical AND, and compare the contents of the publisher field to the character string COR (see Writing constants for details how to specify constants). Because the publisher field is 4 bytes long, COR will be padded on the right with one blank.

 INCLUDE COND=(166,4,BI,GT,162,4,BI,AND,106,4,CH,EQ,C'COR')
 SORT FIELDS=(1,75,CH,A)

Table 3 shows the result.

Table 3. COR Books for which Number Sold is greater than Number in Stock
Book Title	Publisher	Number In Stock	Number Sold
1 75	106 109	162 165	166 169
CRISES OF THE MIDDLE AGES INKLINGS: AN ANTHOLOGY OF YOUNG POETS MODERN ANTHOLOGY OF WOMEN POETS SUPPLYING THE DEMAND	COR COR COR COR	14 2 1 0	17 32 26 32

As another example, you might sort only the books for courses 00032 and 10347 by writing the INCLUDE and SORT statements as follows:

  INCLUDE COND=(115,5,CH,EQ,C'00032',OR,115,5,CH,EQ,C'10347')
  SORT FIELDS=(115,5,CH,A)

Note: In the previous example, you cannot substitute C'32' for C'00032', because character constants are padded on the right with blanks. DFSORT uses the following rules for padding and truncation:

Padding: adds fillers in data, usually zeros or blanks
Truncation: deletes or omits a leading or trailing portion of a string

In comparisons, the following rules apply:

In a field-to-field comparison, the shorter field is padded as appropriate (with blanks or zeros).
In a field-to-constant comparison, the constant is padded or truncated to the length of the field. Decimal constants are padded or truncated on the left. Character and hexadecimal constants are padded or truncated on the right.