SSY2V3_6.2 - Documentation Index

Table of Contents

• Welcome
• Overview of IBM Enterprise PL/I for z/OS
• What's new in Enterprise PL/I for z/OS 6.2
• Second Edition (December 2025)
• IBM Enterprise PL/I for z/OS 6.2 Licensed Program Specifications 
  • Overview
  • Specified operating environment
  • Security, auditability, and control
  • Licensed program materials availability
  • Supplemental terms
  • Warranty and trademarks
• Second Edition (December 2025)
• About this book
  • Notation conventions used in this book
  • Semantics
  • Industry standards used
  • Summary of changes
    • Enhancements in this release
    • Enhancements from 6.1
    • Enhancements from 5.3
    • Enhancements from 5.2
    • Enhancements from 5.1
    • Enhancements from 4.5
    • Enhancements from 4.4
    • Enhancements from 4.3
    • Enhancements from 4.2
    • Enhancements from 4.1
    • Enhancements from 3.9
    • Enhancements from 3.8
    • Enhancements from 3.7
    • Enhancements from 3.6
    • Enhancements from 3.5
    • Enhancements from 3.4
    • Enhancements from 3.3
    • Enhancements from 3.2
    • Enhancements from 3.1
  • How to send your comments
  • Accessibility
• Program elements
  • Single-byte character set
    • Decimal digits
    • Binary digits
    • Hexadecimal digits
    • Special characters
    • Composite symbols
    • Case sensitivity
    • Statement elements for SBCS
      • Identifiers
        • PL/I keywords
        • Programmer-defined names
      • Delimiters and operators
  • Statements
    • Simple statements
    • Compound statements
  • Groups
  • Double-byte character set
    • DBCS identifiers
      • Single-byte identifiers in DBCS form
      • DBCS identifiers containing double-byte characters
      • Using double-byte character identifiers
    • Statement elements for DBCS
    • DBCS continuation rules
• Data elements
  • Data items
    • Variables
    • Constants
    • Using quotation marks
    • Punctuating constants
  • Data types and attributes
    • Data attributes
    • Nondata attributes
  • Computational data types and attributes
    • Coded arithmetic data and attributes
      • BINARY and DECIMAL attributes
      • FIXED and FLOAT attributes
      • PRECISION attribute
      • REAL and COMPLEX attributes
      • SIGNED and UNSIGNED attributes
      • Binary fixed-point data
      • Binary fixed-point constant
      • XN (hex) binary fixed-point constant
      • XU (hex) binary fixed-point constant
      • DECIMAL fixed-point data
      • Decimal fixed-point constant
      • Binary floating-point data
      • Binary floating-point constant
      • Decimal floating-point data
      • Decimal floating-point constant
    • String data and attributes
      • BIT, CHARACTER, GRAPHIC, UCHAR, and WIDECHAR attributes
      • VARYING, VARYING4, VARYINGZ, and NONVARYING attributes
      • PICTURE and WIDEPIC attributes
      • Character data
      • Character constant
      • A (ASCII) character constant
      • E (EBCDIC) character constant
      • X (hex) character constant
      • Bit data
      • Bit constant
      • B4 (hex) bit constant
      • B3 (octal) bit constant
      • Graphic data
      • Graphic constant
      • GX (hex) graphic constant
      • Mixed character data
      • M (Mixed) character constant
      • UCHAR data
      • UX (hex) UCHAR constant
      • Widechar data
      • WX (hex) widechar constant
      • Numeric character data
    • Date attribute
      • Implicit DATE comparisons
      • Comparing dates with like patterns
      • Comparing dates with differing patterns
      • Comparisons involving the DATE attribute and a literal
      • Comparisons involving the DATE attribute and a non-literal
      • Implicit DATE assignments
      • Date diagnostics
  • Program-control data types and attributes
    • Label data and LABEL attribute
    • Format data and FORMAT attribute
    • VARIABLE attribute
  • Value attributes
    • VALUE attribute
    • Named constants
      • Examples of named constants
    • VALUELIST attribute
    • VALUELISTFROM attribute
    • VALUERANGE attribute
• Expressions and references
  • Order of evaluation
  • Targets
    • Variables
    • Pseudovariables
    • Intermediate results
  • Operational expressions
    • Handle operations
    • Pointer operations
    • Arithmetic operations
      • Data conversion in arithmetic operations
        • Type
        • Base
        • Mode
        • Precision
        • Scale
      • Results of arithmetic operations
        • FIXED division
      • Using exponentiation
    • Bit operations
    • Comparison operations
    • Concatenation operations
    • Combinations of operations
    • Priority of operators
  • Array expressions
    • Prefix operators and arrays
    • Infix operators and arrays
      • Array-and-element operations
      • Array-and-array operations
  • Structure expressions
  • Restricted expressions
• Data conversion
  • Built-in functions for computational data conversion
  • Converting string lengths
  • Converting arithmetic precision
  • Converting mode
  • Converting other data attributes
  • Source-to-target rules
  • Examples
    • Example: DECIMAL FIXED converted to BINARY FIXED with fractions
    • Example: Arithmetic converted to bit string
    • Example: Arithmetic converted to character
    • Example: A conversion error
• Program organization
  • Programs
    • Program structure
    • Program activation
    • Program termination
  • Blocks
    • Block activation
    • Block termination
  • Packages
  • Procedures
    • PROCEDURE statement
    • ENTRY statement
    • Parameter attribute
      • Simple Parameter Bounds, Lengths, and Sizes
      • Controlled Parameter Bounds, Lengths, and Sizes
        • Asterisk notation
        • Expression notation
        • Example of array argument with parameters
    • Procedure activation
    • Procedure termination
    • Recursive procedures
    • Dynamic loading of an external procedure
      • Rules and features
      • FETCH statement
      • RELEASE statement
  • Subroutines
    • Example 1
    • Example 2
  • Built-in subroutines
  • Functions
    • Examples
    • Built-in functions
  • Passing arguments to procedures
    • Using BYVALUE and BYADDR
    • Using INONLY, INOUT and OUTONLY
    • Dummy arguments
      • Deriving dummy argument attributes
      • Rules for dummy arguments
    • Passing arguments to the MAIN procedure
  • Begin-blocks
    • BEGIN statement
    • Begin-block activation
    • Begin-block termination
  • Entry data
    • Entry constants
    • ENTRY variables
    • ENTRY attribute
    • OPTIONAL attribute
    • LIST attribute
    • LIMITED attribute
    • Generic entries
    • GENERIC attribute
  • Entry invocation or entry value
  • CALL statement
  • RETURN statement
    • Return from a subroutine
    • Return from a function
  • OPTIONS option and attribute
  • RETURNS option and attribute
• Type definitions
  • User-defined types (aliases)
    • DEFINE ALIAS statement
  • Defining ordinals
    • DEFINE ORDINAL statement
  • Defining typed structures and unions
    • HANDLE attribute
  • Declaring typed variables
    • TYPE attribute
    • ORDINAL attribute
  • Typed structure qualification
    • Using the period operator (.)
    • Combinations of arrays and typed structures or unions
    • Using handles
  • Using ordinals
  • Type functions
• Data declarations
  • Explicit declaration
    • DECLARE statement
    • Factoring attributes
  • Implicit declaration
  • Scope of declarations
    • INTERNAL and EXTERNAL attributes
  • RESERVED attribute
  • FORCE attribute
  • SUPPRESS attribute
  • Data alignment
    • ALIGNED and UNALIGNED attributes
  • Defaults for attributes
    • Language-specified defaults
    • DEFAULT statement
    • Restoring language-specified defaults
  • Arrays
    • DIMENSION attribute
    • DIMACROSS attribute
    • Examples of arrays
    • Subscripts
    • Cross sections of arrays
  • Structures and unions
    • Structures
    • Unions
    • Structure and union qualification
    • Assignments to UNIONs
    • LIKE attribute
    • INDFOR attribute
    • NOINIT attribute
    • NULLINIT attribute
    • XML-related attributes
      • XMLATTR attribute
      • XMLCONTENT attribute
      • XMLIGNORE attribute
      • XMLNAME attribute
      • XMLOMIT attribute
        • Example of using XMLATTR and XMLOMIT
    • JSON-related attributes
      • JSONIGNORE attribute
      • JSONNAME attribute
      • JSONNULL attribute
      • JSONOMIT attribute
      • JSONTRIMR attribute
  • Aggregate combinations and mapping
    • Combinations of arrays, structures, and unions
    • Cross sections of arrays of structures or unions
    • Structure and union operations
    • Structure and union mapping
      • Rules for order of pairing
      • Rules for mapping one pair
      • Effect of UNALIGNED attribute
      • Example of structure mapping
• Statements and directives
  • ALLOCATE statement
  • ASSERT statement
  • Assignment and compound assignment statements
    • Assignment statements
    • Assignment statements that use the BY DIMACROSS option
    • Compound assignment statements
    • Target variables
      • Non-computational targets
      • Array targets
      • Union targets
      • Structure targets
    • How assignments are performed
      • Element assignments
      • Aggregate assignments
        • Array assignments
        • Structure assignments without the BY NAME option
        • Structure assignments using the BY NAME option
        • Structure assignments using the BY DIMACROSS option
    • Multiple assignments
    • Examples
      • Example of moving internal data
      • Example of assigning expression values
      • Example of assigning a structure using BY NAME
      • Example of assigning a structure using BY DIMACROSS
  • ATTACH statement
  • BEGIN statement
  • CALL statement
  • CANCEL THREAD statement
  • CLOSE statement
  • DECLARE statement
  • DEFAULT statement
  • DEFINE ALIAS statement
  • DEFINE ORDINAL statement
  • DEFINE STRUCTURE statement
  • DELAY statement
  • DELETE statement
  • DETACH statement
  • DISPLAY statement
  • DO statement
    • Type 1
    • Types 2 and 3
      • Using type 2 WHILE and UNTIL
      • Using type 3 with one specification
      • Using type 3 with two or more specifications
      • Using type 3 with TO, BY, REPEAT
      • Using type 3 with UPTHRU
      • Using type 3 with DOWNTHRU
    • Type 4
    • Examples of basic repetitions
      • Repetition using the reference as a subscript
      • Repetition with TO and BY
    • Example of DO with WHILE, UNTIL
    • Example of DO with UPTHRU and DOWNTHRU
    • Example of REPEAT
  • END statement
  • ENTRY statement
  • EXIT statement
  • FETCH statement
  • FLUSH statement
  • FORMAT statement
  • FREE statement
  • GET statement
  • GO TO statement
  • IF statement
    • Examples
    • Short-circuit evaluation
  • %INCLUDE directive
  • ITERATE statement
  • LEAVE statement
  • %LINE directive
  • LOCATE statement
  • %NOPRINT directive
  • %NOTE directive
  • null statement
  • ON statement
  • OPEN statement
  • OTHERWISE statement
  • PACKAGE statement
  • %PAGE directive
  • %POP directive
  • %PRINT directive
  • PROCEDURE statement
  • %PROCESS directive
  • *PROCESS directive
  • %PROCINC directive
  • *PROCINC directive
  • %PUSH directive
  • PUT statement
  • QUALIFY statement
  • READ statement
  • REINIT statement
  • RELEASE statement
  • RESIGNAL statement
  • RETURN statement
  • REVERT statement
  • REWRITE statement
  • SELECT statement
  • SIGNAL statement
  • %SKIP directive
  • STOP statement
  • WAIT statement
  • WHEN statement
  • WRITE statement
  • %XINCLUDE statement
  • XDECLARE statement
  • XDEFINE ALIAS statement
  • XDEFINE ORDINAL statement
  • XDEFINE STRUCTURE statement
  • XPROCEDURE statement
• Storage control
  • Storage classes, allocation, and deallocation
  • Static storage and attribute
  • Automatic storage and attribute
  • Controlled storage and attribute
    • ALLOCATE statement for controlled variables
    • FREE statement for controlled variables
    • Multiple generations of controlled variables
    • Asterisk notation
    • Adjustable extents
    • Built-in functions for controlled variables
  • Based storage and attribute
    • Extent specifications in BASED declarations
    • BASED VARYING string
    • Storage allocation for BASED variable
    • Locator variables
    • DEFINED and UNION attributes
    • INITIAL attribute
    • Locator data
      • Locator conversion
      • Locator reference
      • Locator qualification
      • Levels of locator qualification
    • POINTER variable and attribute
    • Built-in functions for based variables
    • ALLOCATE statement for based variables
    • FREE statement for based variables
    • REFER option (self-defining data)
  • Area data and attribute
    • Offset data and attribute
      • Setting offset variables
      • Examples of offset variables
    • LOCATES attribute
    • Built-in functions for area variables
    • Area assignment
    • Input/output of areas
  • List processing
  • ASSIGNABLE and NONASSIGNABLE attributes
  • NORMAL and ABNORMAL attributes
  • BIGENDIAN and LITTLEENDIAN attributes
  • HEXADEC and IEEE attributes
  • CONNECTED and NONCONNECTED attributes
  • DEFINED and POSITION attributes
    • Unconnected storage
    • Simple defining
    • iSUB Defining
    • String Overlay Defining
    • POSITION attribute
  • INITIAL attribute
    • Initializing array variables
    • Initializing unions
    • Initializing static variables
    • Initializing automatic variables
    • Initializing based and controlled variables
    • Examples
• Input and output
  • Data sets
    • Consecutive
    • Indexed
    • Relative
    • Regional
  • Files
    • FILE attribute
      • File constant
      • File variable
      • Specifying a file reference
    • RECORD and STREAM attributes
    • INPUT, OUTPUT, and UPDATE attributes
    • SEQUENTIAL and DIRECT attributes
    • BUFFERED and UNBUFFERED attributes
    • ENVIRONMENT attribute
    • KEYED attribute
    • PRINT attribute
  • Opening and closing files
    • OPEN statement
    • Implicit opening
      • Example of file constant
      • Example of file variable
      • Example of implicit opening
      • Examples of declarations of file constants
    • CLOSE statement
    • FLUSH statement
  • SYSPRINT and SYSIN
• Record-oriented data transmission
  • Data transmitted
    • Unaligned bit strings
    • Varying length strings
    • Area variables
  • Data transmission statements
    • READ statement
    • WRITE statement
    • REWRITE statement
    • LOCATE statement
    • DELETE statement
  • Options of data transmission statements
    • FILE option
    • FROM option
    • IGNORE option
    • INTO option
    • KEY option
    • KEYFROM option
    • KEYTO option
    • SET option
  • Processing modes
    • Move mode
    • Locate mode
• Stream-oriented data transmission
  • Data transmission statements
    • GET statement
    • PUT statement
  • Options of data transmission statements
    • COPY option
    • Data specification options
    • FILE option
    • LINE option
    • PAGE option
    • SKIP option
    • STRING option
  • Transmission of data-list items
  • Data-directed data specification
    • Restrictions on data-directed data
    • Syntax of data-directed data
    • GET data-directed
    • PUT data-directed
  • Edit-directed data specification
    • GET edit-directed
    • PUT edit-directed
    • FORMAT statement
  • List-directed data specification
    • Syntax of list-directed data
    • GET list-directed
    • PUT list-directed
  • PRINT attribute
  • DBCS data in stream I/O
• Edit-directed format items
  • A-format item
  • B-format item
  • C-format item
  • COLUMN format item
  • E-format item
  • F-format item
  • G-format item
  • L-format item
  • LINE format item
  • P-format item
  • PAGE format item
  • R-format item
  • SKIP format item
  • V-format item
  • X-format item
• Picture specification characters
  • Picture repetition factor
  • Picture characters for character data
  • Picture characters for numeric character data
    • Digits and decimal points
    • Zero suppression
    • Insertion characters
      • Insertion and decimal point characters
    • Defining currency symbols
    • Using signs and currency symbols
      • Static use
      • Drifting use
    • Credit, debit, overpunched, and zero replacement characters
      • Credit and debit
      • Overpunch
      • Zero replacement
    • Exponent characters
    • Scaling factor
• Condition handling
  • Condition prefixes
    • Scope of the condition prefix
    • Raising conditions with OPTIMIZATION
  • On-units
    • ON statement
    • Null ON-unit
    • Scope of the ON-unit
    • Dynamically descendent ON-units
    • ON-units for file variables
  • REVERT statement
  • SIGNAL statement
  • RESIGNAL statement
  • Multiple conditions
  • CONDITION attribute
• Conditions
  • ANYCONDITION condition
  • AREA condition
  • ASSERTION condition
  • ATTENTION condition
  • CONDITION condition
  • CONFORMANCE condition
  • CONVERSION condition
  • ENDFILE condition
  • ENDPAGE condition
  • ERROR condition
  • FINISH condition
  • FIXEDOVERFLOW condition
  • INVALIDOP condition
  • KEY condition
  • NAME condition
  • OVERFLOW condition
  • RECORD condition
  • SIZE condition
  • STORAGE condition
  • STRINGRANGE condition
  • STRINGSIZE condition
  • SUBSCRIPTRANGE condition
  • TRANSMIT condition
  • UNDEFINEDFILE condition
  • UNDERFLOW condition
  • ZERODIVIDE condition
• Multithreading facility
  • Creating a thread
  • ATTACH statement
  • Terminating a thread
  • Canceling a thread
  • Waiting for a thread to complete
  • Detaching a thread
  • Condition handling
  • Task data and attribute
  • THREADID built-in function
  • Sharing data between threads
  • Sharing files between threads
• Built-in functions, pseudovariables, and subroutines
  • Declaring and invoking built-in functions, pseudovariables, and built-in subroutines
    • BUILTIN attribute
    • Invoking built-in functions and pseudovariables
    • Invoking built-in subroutines
  • Specifying arguments for built-in functions, pseudovariables, and built-in subroutines
    • Aggregate arguments
    • Null and optional arguments
  • Accuracy of mathematical functions
  • Categories of built-in functions
    • Arithmetic built-in functions
    • Array-handling built-in functions
    • Buffer-management built-in functions
    • Condition-handling built-in functions
    • Date/time built-in functions
    • Encoding and hashing built-in functions
    • Floating-point inquiry built-in functions
    • Floating-point manipulation built-in functions
    • Input/output built-in functions
    • Integer manipulation built-in functions
    • JSON built-in functions
    • Mathematical built-in functions
    • Miscellaneous built-in functions
    • Ordinal-handling built-in functions
    • Precision-handling built-in functions
    • Pseudovariables
    • Storage control built-in functions
    • String-handling built-in functions
    • Subroutines
  • Descriptions of individual built-in functions, pseudovariables, and subroutines
    • ABS
    • ACOS
    • ADD
    • ADDDAYS
    • ADDR
    • ADDRDATA
    • ADDWORKDAYS
    • ALL
    • ALLCOMPARE
    • ALLOC31
    • ALLOCATE
    • ALLOCATION
    • ALLOCNEXT
    • ALLOCSIZE
    • ANY
    • ASIN
    • ATAN
    • ATAND
    • ATANH
    • AUTOMATIC
    • AVAILABLEAREA
    • BASE64DECODE
    • BASE64DECODE8
    • BASE64DECODE16
    • BASE64ENCODE
    • BASE64ENCODE8
    • BASE64ENCODE16
    • BETWEEN
    • BETWEENEXCLUSIVE
    • BETWEENLEFTEXCLUSIVE
    • BETWEENRIGHTEXCLUSIVE
    • BINARY
    • BINARYVALUE
    • BINSEARCH
    • BINSEARCHX
    • BIT
    • BITLOCATION
    • BOOL
    • BYTE
    • BYTELENGTH
    • CDS
    • CEIL
    • CENTERLEFT
    • CENTERRIGHT
    • CENTRELEFT
    • CENTRERIGHT
    • CHARACTER
    • CHARGRAPHIC
    • CHARVAL
    • CHECKSTG
    • CHECKSUM
    • CODEPAGE
    • COLLATE
    • COLLAPSE
    • COMPARE
    • COMPLEX
    • CONJG
    • COPY
    • COS
    • COSD
    • COSH
    • COUNT
    • CS
    • CURRENTSIZE
    • CURRENTSTORAGE
    • DATAFIELD
    • DATE
    • DATETIME
    • DAYS
    • DAYSDIFF
    • DAYSTODATE
    • DAYSTOMICROSECS
    • DAYSTOSECS
    • DECIMAL
    • DIMENSION
    • DIVIDE
    • EDIT
    • EMPTY
    • ENDFILE
    • ENTRYADDR
    • ENTRYADDR pseudovariable
    • EPSILON
    • ERF
    • ERFC
    • EXP
    • EXPONENT
    • FILEDDINT
    • FILEDDTEST
    • FILEDDWORD
    • FILEID
    • FILENEW
    • FILEOPEN
    • FILEREAD
    • FILESEEK
    • FILETELL
    • FILEWRITE
    • FIXED
    • FIXEDBIN
    • FIXEDDEC
    • FLOAT
    • FLOATBIN
    • FLOATDEC
    • FLOOR
    • FOLDEDFULLMATCH
    • FOLDEDSIMPLEMATCH
    • FRACVAL
    • GAMMA
    • GETENV
    • GETJCLSYMBOL
    • GETSYSINT
    • GETSYSWORD
    • GRAPHIC
    • GTCA
    • HANDLE
    • HBOUND
    • HBOUNDACROSS
    • HEX
    • HEX8
    • HEXDECODE
    • HEXDECODE8
    • HEXENCODE
    • HEXENCODE8
    • HEXIMAGE
    • HEXIMAGE8
    • HIGH
    • HUGE
    • IAND
    • ICLZ
    • IEOR
    • IFTHENELSE
    • IMAG
    • IMAG pseudovariable
    • INARRAY
    • INDEX
    • INDEXR
    • INDICATORS
    • INLIST
    • INOT
    • IOR
    • IPOPCNT
    • IRLL
    • IRRL
    • ISFINITE
    • ISIGNED
    • ISINF
    • ISJCLSYMBOL
    • ISLEAP
    • ISLL
    • ISMAIN
    • ISNAN
    • ISNORMAL
    • ISRA
    • ISRL
    • ISZERO
    • IUNSIGNED
    • JSONGETARRAYEND
    • JSONGETARRAYSTART
    • JSONGETCOLON
    • JSONGETCOMMA
    • JSONGETMEMBER
    • JSONGETOBJECTEND
    • JSONGETOBJECTSTART
    • JSONGETVALUE
    • JSONPUTARRAYEND
    • JSONPUTARRAYSTART
    • JSONPUTCOLON
    • JSONPUTCOMMA
    • JSONPUTMEMBER
    • JSONPUTOBJECTEND
    • JSONPUTOBJECTSTART
    • JSONPUTVALUE
    • JSONVALID
    • JULIANTOSMF
    • LASTDAY
    • LBOUND
    • LBOUNDACROSS
    • LEFT
    • LENGTH
    • LINENO
    • LOCATION
    • LOCNEWSPACE
    • LOCNEWVALUE
    • LOCSTG
    • LOCVAL
    • LOG
    • LOGGAMMA
    • LOG2
    • LOG10
    • LOW
    • LOWERASCII
    • LOWERCASE
    • LOWERLATIN1
    • MAINNAME
    • MAX
    • MAXDATE
    • MAXEXP
    • MAXLENGTH
    • MAXVAL
    • MEMCOLLAPSE
    • MEMCONVERT
    • MEMCU12
    • MEMCU14
    • MEMCU21
    • MEMCU24
    • MEMCU41
    • MEMCU42
    • MEMINDEX
    • MEMREPLACE
    • MEMSEARCH
    • MEMSEARCHR
    • MEMSQUEEZE
    • MEMUVALID8
    • MEMUVALID16
    • MEMVERIFY
    • MEMVERIFYR
    • MICROSECS
    • MICROSECSTODATE
    • MICROSECSTODAYS
    • MIN
    • MINDATE
    • MINEXP
    • MINVAL
    • MOD
    • MPSTR
    • MULTIPLY
    • NULL
    • NULLENTRY
    • OFFSET
    • OFFSETADD
    • OFFSETDIFF
    • OFFSETSUBTRACT
    • OFFSETVALUE
    • OMITTED
    • ONACTUAL
    • ONAREA
    • ONCHAR
    • ONCHAR pseudovariable
    • ONCODE
    • ONCONDCOND
    • ONCONDID
    • ONCOUNT
    • ONEXPECTED
    • ONFILE
    • ONGSOURCE
    • ONGSOURCE pseudovariable
    • ONHBOUND
    • ONJSONNAME
    • ONKEY
    • ONLBOUND
    • ONLINE
    • ONLOC
    • ONOFFSET
    • ONOPERATOR
    • ONPACKAGE
    • ONPROCEDURE
    • ONSOURCE
    • ONSOURCE pseudovariable
    • ONSUBCODE
    • ONSUBCODE2
    • ONSUBSCRIPT
    • ONTEXT
    • ONUCHAR
    • ONUCHAR pseudovariable
    • ONUSOURCE
    • ONUSOURCE pseudovariable
    • ONWCHAR
    • ONWCHAR pseudovariable
    • ONWSOURCE
    • ONWSOURCE pseudovariable
    • ORDINALNAME
    • ORDINALPRED
    • ORDINALSUCC
    • PACKAGENAME
    • PAGENO
    • PICSPEC
    • PLACES
    • PLIASCII
    • PLIATTN
    • PLICANC
    • PLICKPT
    • PLIDELETE
    • PLIDUMP
    • PLIEBCDIC
    • PLIFILL
    • PLIFREE
    • PLIMOVE
    • PLIOVER
    • PLIPARSE
    • PLIREST
    • PLIRETC
    • PLIRETV
    • PLISAXA
    • PLISAXB
    • PLISAXC
    • PLISAXD
    • PLISRTA
    • PLISRTB
    • PLISRTC
    • PLISRTD
    • PLISTCK
    • PLISTCKE
    • PLISTCKELOCAL
    • PLISTCKEUTC
    • PLISTCKF
    • PLISTCKLOCAL
    • PLISTCKP
    • PLISTCKPLOCAL
    • PLISTCKPUTC
    • PLISTCKUTC
    • PLITRAN11
    • PLITRAN12
    • PLITRAN21
    • PLITRAN22
    • POINTER
    • POINTERADD
    • POINTERDIFF
    • POINTERSUBTRACT
    • POINTERVALUE
    • POLY
    • PRECISION
    • PRECVAL
    • PRED
    • PRESENT
    • PROCEDURENAME
    • PROD
    • PUTENV
    • QUICKSORT
    • QUICKSORTX
    • RADIX
    • RANDOM
    • RANK
    • REAL
    • REAL pseudovariable
    • REGEX
    • REM
    • REPATTERN
    • REPEAT
    • REPLACE
    • REPLACEBY2
    • REVERSE
    • RIGHT
    • ROUND
    • ROUNDAWAYFROMZERO
    • ROUNDTOEVEN
    • SAMEKEY
    • SCALE
    • SCALEVAL
    • SCRUBOUT
    • SEARCH
    • SEARCHR
    • SECS
    • SECSTODATE
    • SECSTODAYS
    • SHA1DIGEST
    • SHA1FINAL
    • SHA1INIT
    • SHA1UPDATE
    • SHA2DIGEST224, SHA2DIGEST256, SHA2DIGEST384, and SHA2DIGEST512
    • SHA2FINAL224, SHA2FINAL256, SHA2FINAL384, and SHA2FINAL512
    • SHA2INIT224, SHA2INIT256, SHA2INIT384, and SHA2INIT512
    • SHA2UPDATE224, SHA2UPDATE256, SHA2UPDATE384, and SHA2UPDATE512
    • SHA3DIGEST224, SHA3DIGEST256, SHA3DIGEST384, and SHA3DIGEST512
    • SHA3FINAL224, SHA3FINAL256, SHA3FINAL384, and SHA3FINAL512
    • SHA3INIT224, SHA3INIT256, SHA3INIT384, and SHA3INIT512
    • SHA3UPDATE224, SHA3UPDATE256, SHA3UPDATE384, and SHA3UPDATE512
    • SIGN
    • SIGNED
    • SIN
    • SIND
    • SINH
    • SIZE
    • SMFTOJULIAN
    • SOURCEFILE
    • SOURCELINE
    • SQRT
    • SQRTF
    • SQUEEZE
    • STACKADDR
    • STCKETODATE
    • STCKTODATE
    • STORAGE
    • STRING
    • STRING pseudovariable
    • SUBSTR
    • SUBSTR pseudovariable
    • SUBTO
    • SUBTO pseudovariable
    • SUBTRACT
    • SUCC
    • SUM
    • SYSNULL
    • SYSTEM
    • TALLY
    • TAN
    • TAND
    • TANH
    • THREADID
    • TIME
    • TIMESTAMP
    • TINY
    • TRANSLATE
    • TRIM
    • TRUNC
    • TYPE
    • TYPE pseudovariable
    • UHIGH
    • ULENGTH
    • ULENGTH8
    • ULENGTH16
    • ULOW
    • UNALLOCATED
    • UNHEX
    • UNSIGNED
    • UNSPEC
    • UNSPEC pseudovariable
    • UPOS
    • UPPERASCII
    • UPPERCASE
    • UPPERLATIN1
    • USUBSTR
    • USUPPLEMENTARY
    • UTCDATETIME
    • UTCMICROSECS
    • UTCSECS
    • UTF8
    • UTF8STG
    • UTF8TOCHAR
    • UTF8TOWCHAR
    • UUID
    • UUID4
    • UVALID
    • UWIDTH
    • VALID
    • VALIDDATE
    • VALIDVALUE
    • VARGLIST
    • VARGSIZE
    • VERIFY
    • VERIFYR
    • WCHARVAL
    • WEEKDAY
    • WHIGH
    • WHEREDIFF
    • WIDECHAR
    • WLOW
    • WSCOLLAPSE
    • WSCOLLAPSE16
    • WSREPLACE
    • WSREPLACE16
    • XMLCHAR
    • XMLSCRUB
    • XMLSCRUB16
    • XMLUCHAR
    • Y4DATE
    • Y4JULIAN
    • Y4YEAR
• Type functions
  • Invoking type functions
  • Specifying arguments for type functions
  • Brief descriptions of type functions
  • BIND
  • CAST
  • FIRST
  • LAST
  • NEW
  • RESPEC
  • SIZE
  • VALUE
• Preprocessor facilities
  • Preprocessor options
  • Preprocessor scan
    • Execution of preprocessor statements
    • Execution of listing control statements
    • Execution of input text
  • Preprocessor variables and data elements
  • Preprocessor references and expressions
  • Scope of preprocessor names
  • Preprocessor procedures
    • Arguments and parameters for preprocessor procedures
    • %PROCEDURE statement
    • Preprocessor RETURN statement
    • Preprocessor ANSWER statement
    • Preprocessor CALL statement
  • Preprocessor built-in functions
    • COLLATE
    • COMMENT
    • COMPILEDATE
    • COMPILETIME
    • COPY
    • COPYRIGHT
    • COUNTER
    • DIMENSION
    • HBOUND
    • INDEX
    • LBOUND
    • LENGTH
    • LOWERCASE
    • MACCOL
    • MACLMAR
    • MACNAME
    • MACRMAR
    • MAX
    • MIN
    • PARMSET
    • QUOTE
    • REPEAT
    • SERVICE
    • SUBSTR
    • SYSDIMSIZE
    • SYSOFFSETSIZE
    • SYSPARM
    • SYSPOINTERSIZE
    • SYSTEM
    • SYSVERSION
    • TRANSLATE
    • TRIM
    • UPPERCASE
    • VERIFY
  • Preprocessor statements
    • %ACTIVATE statement
    • %assignment statement
    • %DEACTIVATE statement
    • %DECLARE statement
    • %DO statement
    • %END statement
    • %GO TO statement
    • %IF statement
    • %INCLUDE statement
    • %INSCAN statement
    • %ITERATE statement
    • %LEAVE Statement
    • %NOTE statement
    • %null statement
    • %REPLACE statement
    • %SELECT statement
    • %XINCLUDE statement
    • %XINSCAN statement
  • Preprocessor examples
• Limits
• Notices
  • Trademarks
• Second Edition (December 2025)
• Introduction
  • About this document
  • Runtime environment for Enterprise PL/I for z/OS
  • Using your documentation
  • Notation conventions used in this document
    • Conventions used
    • How to read the syntax notation
    • How to read the notational symbols
  • Summary of changes
    • Enhancements in this release
    • Enhancements from V6R1
    • Enhancements from V5R3
    • Enhancements from V5R2
    • Enhancements from V5R1
    • Enhancements from V4R5
    • Enhancements from V4R4
    • Enhancements from V4R3
    • Enhancements from V4R2
    • Enhancements from V4R1
    • Enhancements from V3R9
    • Enhancements from V3R8
    • Enhancements from V3R7
    • Enhancements from V3R6
    • Enhancements from V3R5
    • Enhancements from V3R4
    • Enhancements from V3R3
    • Enhancements from V3R2
    • Enhancements from V3R1
    • Enhancements from VisualAge PL/I
  • How to send your comments
  • Accessibility
• Compiling your program
  • Using compiler options and facilities
    • Compile-time option descriptions
      • AGGREGATE
      • ARCH
      • ASSERT
      • ATTRIBUTES
      • BACKREG
      • BIFPREC
      • BLANK
      • BLKOFF
      • BRACKETS
      • CASE
      • CASERULES
      • CHECK
      • CMPAT
      • CODEPAGE
      • COMMON
      • COMPILE
      • COPYRIGHT
      • CSECT
      • CSECTCUT
      • CURRENCY
      • DBCS
      • DBRMLIB
      • DD
      • DDSQL
      • DECIMAL
      • DECOMP
      • DEFAULT
      • DEPRECATE
      • DEPRECATENEXT
      • DISPLAY
      • DLL
      • DLLINIT
      • EXIT
      • EXPORTALL
      • EXTRN
      • FILEREF
      • FLAG
      • FLOAT
      • FLOATINMATH
      • GOFF
      • GONUMBER
      • GRAPHIC
      • HEADER
      • HGPR
      • IGNORE
      • INCAFTER
      • INCDIR
      • INCLUDE
      • INCPDS
      • INITAUTO
      • INITBASED
      • INITCTL
      • INITSTATIC
      • INSOURCE
      • INTERRUPT
      • JSON
      • LANGLVL
      • LIMITS
      • LINEDIR
      • LIST
      • LISTVIEW
      • LP
      • MACRO
      • MAP
      • MARGINI
      • MARGINS
      • MAXBRANCH
      • MAXINIT
      • MAXGEN
      • MAXMEM
      • MAXMSG
      • MAXNEST
      • MAXRUNONIF
      • MAXSTATIC
      • MAXSTMT
      • MAXTEMP
      • MDECK
      • MSGSUMMARY
      • NAME
      • NAMES
      • NATLANG
      • NEST
      • NOT
      • NULLDATE
      • OBJECT
      • OFFSET
      • OFFSETSIZE
      • ONSNAP
      • OPTIMIZE
      • OPTIONS
      • OR
      • PP
      • PPCICS
      • PPINCLUDE
      • PPLIST
      • PPMACRO
      • PPSQL
      • PPTRACE
      • PRECTYPE
      • PREFIX
      • PROCEED
      • PROCESS
      • QUOTE
      • REDUCE
      • RENT
      • RESEXP
      • RESPECT
      • RTCHECK
      • RULES
      • SEMANTIC
      • SERVICE
      • SOURCE
      • SPILL
      • STATIC
      • STDSYS
      • STMT
      • STORAGE
      • STRINGOFGRAPHIC
      • SYNTAX
      • SYSPARM
      • SYSTEM
      • TERMINAL
      • TEST
      • UNROLL
      • USAGE
      • WIDECHAR
      • WINDOW
      • WRITABLE
      • XINFO
      • XML
      • XREF
    • Blanks, comments and strings in options
    • Changing the default options
    • Specifying options in the %PROCESS or *PROCESS statements
    • Using % statements
    • Using the %INCLUDE statement
    • Using the compiler listing
      • Heading information
      • Options used for compilation
      • Preprocessor input
      • SOURCE program
      • Statement nesting level
      • ATTRIBUTE and cross-reference table
        • Attribute table
        • Cross-reference table
      • Aggregate length table
      • Statement offset addresses
      • Storage offset listing
      • Expressions and attributes listing
      • File reference table
      • Messages and return codes
      • Example
  • PL/I preprocessors
    • Include preprocessor
    • Macro preprocessor
      • Macro preprocessor options
        • CASE
        • DBCS
        • DEPRECATE
        • DEPRECATENEXT
        • EOLCOMM
        • FIXED
        • ID
        • IGNORE
        • INCONLY
        • NAMEPREFIX
        • RESCAN
      • Macro preprocessor example
    • SQL preprocessor
      • Programming and compilation considerations
      • SQL preprocessor options
        • CCSID0
        • CODEPAGE
        • DEPRECATE
        • EMPTYDBRM
        • HOSTCOPY
        • INCONLY
        • LINEFILE
        • WARNDECP
        • PL/I-specific notes for SQL processor options
      • Coding SQL statements in PL/I applications
        • Defining the SQL communications area
        • Defining SQL descriptor areas
        • Embedding SQL statements
          • Comments
          • Continuation for SQL statements
          • Including code
          • Margins
          • Names
          • Statement labels
          • WHENEVER statement
        • Using host variables
          • Using arrays as host variables
          • Declaring host variables
          • Declaring scalar host variables
          • Determining equivalent SQL and PL/I data types
          • Determining compatibility of SQL and PL/I data types
        • Using host structures
        • Using indicator variables
        • Host structure example
      • Manipulating LOB data
        • LOB locators
        • LOB file reference variables
        • Example: pliclob sample program
      • Suppressing SQL preprocessor messages
    • CICS preprocessor
      • Programming and compilation considerations
      • CICS preprocessor options
      • Coding CICS statements in PL/I applications
        • Embedding CICS statements
          • Comments
          • Continuation for CICS statements
          • Including code
          • Margins
          • Statement labels
      • Writing CICS transactions in PL/I
      • Error-handling
  • Using PL/I cataloged procedures
    • IBM-supplied cataloged procedures
      • Compile only (IBMZC)
      • Compile and bind (IBMZCB)
      • Compile, bind, and run (IBMZCBG)
      • Compile only - 64-bit (IBMQC)
      • Compile and bind - 64-bit (IBMQCB)
      • Compile, bind, and run - 64-bit (IBMQCBG)
    • Invoking a cataloged procedure
    • Specifying multiple cataloged procedure invocations
    • Modifying the PL/I cataloged procedures
      • EXEC statement
      • DD statement
  • Compiling your program
    • Invoking the compiler under z/OS UNIX
      • Input files
      • Specifying compile-time options under z/OS UNIX
      • -qoption_keyword
      • Single and multiletter flags
    • Invoking the compiler under z/OS using JCL
      • EXEC statement
      • DD statements for the standard data sets
        • Input (SYSIN)
        • Output (SYSLIN, SYSPUNCH)
        • Temporary workfile (SYSUT1)
        • Temporary workfile (SYSUT2, SYSUT3)
      • Listing (SYSPRINT)
      • Source Statement Library (SYSLIB)
      • Specifying options
      • Specifying options in the EXEC statement
      • Specifying options in the EXEC statement using an options file
  • Link-editing and running for 31-bit programs
    • Link-edit considerations for 31-bit programs
      • Using the binder in 31-bit programs
      • Using the ENTRY card
    • Runtime considerations for 31-bit programs
      • Formatting conventions for PRINT files
      • Changing the format on PRINT files for 31-bit programs
      • Automatic prompting
      • Overriding automatic prompting
      • Punctuating long input lines
      • Punctuating GET LIST and GET DATA statements
      • Automatic padding for GET EDIT
      • Use of SKIP for terminal input
      • ENDFILE
    • SYSPRINT considerations for 31-bit programs
      • Using MSGFILE(SYSPRINT)
    • Using FETCH in your routines in 31-bit applications
      • Fetching Enterprise PL/I routines in 31-bit applications
      • Fetching PL/I MAIN routines in 31-bit applications
      • Fetching z/OS C routines in 31-bit applications
      • Fetching assembler routines in 31-bit applications
    • Invoking MAIN under TSO/E
    • Invoking MAIN under z/OS UNIX
  • Link-editing and running for 64-bit programs
    • Link-edit considerations for 64-bit programs
      • Using the binder in 64-bit programs
      • Using the ENTRY card in 64-bit programs
    • Runtime considerations for 64-bit programs
    • SYSPRINT considerations for 64-bit programs
    • Using FETCH in your routines in 64-bit applications
      • Fetching Enterprise PL/I routines in 64-bit applications
      • Fetching PL/I MAIN routines in 64-bit applications
      • Fetching assembler routines in 64-bit applications
    • Invoking MAIN under TSO/E
    • Invoking MAIN under z/OS UNIX
  • Considerations for developing 64-bit applications
    • Using compiler options to build 64-bit applications
    • Using attributes HANDLE and POINTER under LP(64)
      • HANDLE attribute
      • POINTER attribute
    • Using ENTRY variables under LP(64)
    • Using built-in functions under LP(64)
    • Considerations for SQL programs
    • Communicating with 31-bit routines
• Using I/O facilities
  • Using data sets and files
    • Allocating files
    • Associating data sets with files under z/OS
      • Associating several files with one data set
      • Associating several data sets with one file
      • Concatenating several data sets
      • Accessing zFS files under z/OS
    • Associating data sets with files under z/OS UNIX
      • Using environment variables
      • Using the TITLE option of the OPEN statement
      • Attempting to use files not associated with data sets
      • How PL/I finds data sets
      • Specifying characteristics using DD_DDNAME environment variables
        • APPEND
        • BUFSIZE
        • CHARSET for record I/O
        • CHARSET for stream I/O
        • DELAY
        • DELIMIT
        • LRECL
        • LRMSKIP
        • PROMPT
        • PUTPAGE
        • RECCOUNT
        • RECSIZE
        • SAMELINE
        • SKIP0
        • TYPE
    • Establishing data set characteristics
      • Blocks and records
      • Information interchange codes
      • Record formats
        • Fixed-length records
        • Variable-length records
        • Undefined-length records
      • Data set organization
      • Labels
      • Data Definition (DD) statement
        • Use of the conditional subparameters
        • Data set characteristics
      • Using the TITLE option of the OPEN statement
      • Associating PL/I files with data sets
        • Opening a file
        • Closing a file
      • Specifying characteristics in the ENVIRONMENT attribute
        • The ENVIRONMENT attribute
        • Record formats for record-oriented data transmission
        • Record formats for stream-oriented data transmission
        • RECSIZE option
        • BLKSIZE option
        • Record format, BLKSIZE, and RECSIZE defaults
        • GENKEY option — key classification
        • SCALARVARYING option — varying-length strings
        • KEYLENGTH option
        • ORGANIZATION option
        • Data set types used by PL/I record I/O
        • Setting environment variables under z/OS UNIX
        • PL/I standard files (SYSPRINT and SYSIN) under z/OS UNIX
        • Redirecting standard input, output, and error devices under z/OS UNIX
        • Taking advantage of LBI
  • Using libraries
    • Types of libraries
    • Using a library
    • Creating a library
      • SPACE parameter
    • Creating and updating a library member
      • Example: Creating new libraries for compiled object modules
      • Example: Placing a load module in an existing library
      • Example: Updating a library member
    • Extracting information from a library directory
  • Defining and using consecutive data sets
    • Using stream-oriented data transmission
      • Defining files using stream I/O
      • Defining stream files using PL/I dynamic allocation
      • Specifying ENVIRONMENT options
        • CONSECUTIVE
        • Record format options
        • RECSIZE
        • Defaults for record format, BLKSIZE, and RECSIZE
        • GRAPHIC
      • Creating a data set with stream I/O
        • Essential information
        • Example: Creating a data set with stream-oriented data transmission
        • Example: Writing graphic data to a stream file
      • Accessing a data set with stream I/O
        • Essential information
        • Record format
        • Example: Accessing a data set with stream-oriented data transmission
      • Using PRINT files with stream I/O
        • Controlling printed line length
        • Overriding the tab control table
      • Using SYSIN and SYSPRINT files for 31-bit programs
      • Using SYSIN and SYSPRINT files for 64-bit programs
    • Controlling input from the terminal
    • Format of data
    • Stream and record files
    • Defining QSAM files using PL/I dynamic allocation
    • Capital and lowercase letters
    • End-of-file
    • COPY option of GET statement
  • Controlling output to the terminal
    • Format of PRINT files
    • Stream and record files
    • Output from the PUT EDIT command
  • Using record-oriented data transmission
    • Specifying record format
    • Defining files using record I/O
    • Specifying ENVIRONMENT options
      • CONSECUTIVE
      • ORGANIZATION(CONSECUTIVE)
      • CTLASA|CTL360
      • LEAVE|REREAD
    • Creating a data set with record I/O
      • Essential information
    • Accessing and updating a data set with record I/O
      • Essential information
      • Example of consecutive data sets
  • Defining and using regional data sets
    • Defining REGIONAL(1) data sets using PL/I dynamic allocation
    • Defining files for a regional data set
      • Specifying ENVIRONMENT options
        • REGIONAL
      • Using keys with REGIONAL data sets
    • Using REGIONAL(1) data sets
      • Dummy Records
      • Creating a REGIONAL(1) data set
      • Accessing and updating a REGIONAL(1) data set
        • Sequential access
        • Direct access
        • Example
    • Essential information for creating and accessing regional data sets
  • Defining and using VSAM data sets
    • Defining VSAM file using PL/I dynamic allocation
    • Using VSAM data sets
      • Running a program with VSAM data sets
      • Pairing an alternate index path with a file
    • VSAM organization
      • Keys for VSAM data sets
        • Keys for indexed VSAM data sets
        • Relative byte addresses (RBA)
        • Relative record numbers
      • Choosing a data set type
    • Defining files for VSAM data sets
      • Specifying ENVIRONMENT options
        • BKWD
        • BUFND
        • BUFNI
        • BUFSP
        • GENKEY
        • PASSWORD
        • REUSE
        • SKIP
        • VSAM
      • Performance options
    • Defining files for alternate index paths
    • Defining VSAM data sets
    • Entry-sequenced data sets
      • Loading an ESDS
      • Using a SEQUENTIAL file to access an ESDS
        • Defining and loading an ESDS
        • Updating an ESDS
    • Key-sequenced and indexed entry-sequenced data sets
      • Loading a KSDS or indexed ESDS
      • Using a SEQUENTIAL file to access a KSDS or indexed ESDS
      • Using a DIRECT file to access a KSDS or indexed ESDS
      • Updating a KSDS
      • Alternate indexes for KSDSs or indexed ESDSs
        • Creating unique key alternate index path for ESDS
        • Creating nonunique key alternate index path for ESDS
        • Creating unique key alternate index path for KSDS
        • Detecting non-unique alternate index keys
        • Using alternate indexes with ESDSs
        • Using alternate indexes with KSDSs
    • Relative-record data sets
      • Loading an RRDS
      • Using a SEQUENTIAL file to access an RRDS
      • Using a DIRECT file to access an RRDS
    • Using files defined for non-VSAM data sets
      • Using shared data sets
• Improving your program
  • Improving performance
    • Selecting compiler options for optimal performance
      • OPTIMIZE
      • GONUMBER
      • ARCH
      • REDUCE
      • RULES
        • IBM/ANS
        • (NO)GLOBALDO
        • (NO)LAXCTL
      • PREFIX
      • CONVERSION
      • FIXEDOVERFLOW
      • DEFAULT
        • BYADDR or BYVALUE
        • (NON)CONNECTED
        • (NO)DESCRIPTOR
        • (NO)INLINE
        • LINKAGE
        • (RE)ORDER
        • NOOVERLAP
        • RETURNS(BYVALUE) or RETURNS(BYADDR)
      • Summary of compiler options that improve performance
    • Coding for better performance
      • DATA-directed input and output
      • Input-only parameters
      • GOTO statements
      • String assignments
      • Loop control variables
      • PACKAGEs versus nested PROCEDUREs
      • REDUCIBLE functions
      • Using REPATTERN
      • DESCLOCATOR or DESCLIST
      • DEFINED versus UNION
      • Named constants versus static variables
      • Avoiding calls to library routines
      • Preloading library routines
• Using interfaces to other products
  • Using the Sort program
    • Preparing to use Sort
      • Choosing the type of Sort
      • Specifying the sorting field
      • Specifying the records to be sorted
      • Determining storage needed for Sort
    • Calling the Sort program
      • Example 1
      • Example 2
      • Example 3
      • Example 4
      • Example 5
      • Determining whether the Sort was successful
      • Establishing data sets for Sort
    • Sort data input and output
    • Data input and output handling routines
      • E15—Input handling routine (Sort Exit E15)
      • E35—Output handling routine (Sort Exit E35)
      • Calling PLISRTA example
      • Calling PLISRTB example
      • Calling PLISRTC example
      • Calling PLISRTD example
      • Sorting variable-length records example
  • ILC with C
    • Equivalent data types
      • Simple type equivalence
      • Struct type equivalence
      • Enum type equivalence
      • File type equivalence
    • Using C functions
      • Matching simple parameter types
      • Matching string parameter types
      • Functions returning ENTRYs
    • Linkages
    • Sharing output and input
      • Sharing output
      • Sharing input
      • Using the ATTACH statement
      • Redirecting C standard streams
    • Summary
  • Interfacing with Java
    • Java Native Interface (JNI)
    • Calling PL/I program from Java
    • JNI sample program #1 - 'Hello World'
      • Step 1: Writing the Java program
      • Step 2: Compiling the Java program
      • Step 3: Writing the PL/I Program
      • Step 4: Compiling and linking the PL/I program
      • Step 5: Running the sample program
    • JNI sample program #2 - Passing a string
      • Step 1: Writing the Java program
      • Step 2: Compiling the Java program
      • Step 3: Writing the PL/I program
      • Step 4: Compiling and linking the PL/I program
      • Step 5: Running the sample program
    • JNI sample program #3 - Passing an integer
      • Step 1: Writing the Java program
      • Step 2: Compiling the Java program
      • Step 3: Writing the PL/I program
      • Step 4: Compiling and linking the PL/I program
      • Step 5: Running the sample program
    • JNI sample program #4 - Java invocation API
      • Step 1: Writing the Java program
      • Step 2: Compiling the Java program
      • Step 3: Writing the PL/I program
      • Step 4: Compiling and linking the PL/I program
      • Step 5: Running the sample program
    • Attaching programs to an existing Java VM
    • Determining equivalent Java and PL/I data types
• Specialized programming tasks
  • Mixing AMODE 31 and AMODE 64 code
    • Declarations needed for calls between AMODEs
    • Compiler and linker options needed for calls between AMODEs
    • Restrictions on calls between AMODEs
    • Improving performance in calls between AMODEs
  • Using the PLISAXA and PLISAXB XML parsers
    • Overview
    • The PLISAXA built-in subroutine
    • The PLISAXB built-in subroutine
    • The SAX event structure
      • start_of_document
      • version_information
      • encoding_declaration
      • standalone_declaration
      • document_type_declaration
      • end_of_document
      • start_of_element
      • attribute_name
      • attribute_characters
      • attribute_predefined_reference
      • attribute_character_reference
      • end_of_element
      • start_of_CDATA_section
      • end_of_CDATA_section
      • content_characters
      • content_predefined_reference
      • content_character_reference
      • processing_instruction
      • comment
      • unknown_attribute_reference
      • unknown_content_reference
      • start_of_prefix_mapping
      • end_of_prefix_mapping
      • exception
      • Parameters to the event functions
    • Coded character sets for XML documents
      • Supported EBCDIC code pages
      • Supported ASCII code pages
      • Specifying the code page
        • Specifying the encoding declaration using a number
        • Specifying the encoding declaration using an alias
    • Exceptions
    • Example
    • Continuable exception codes
    • Terminating exception codes
  • Using the PLISAXC and PLISAXD XML parsers
    • Overview
    • The PLISAXC built-in subroutine
    • The PLISAXD built-in subroutine
    • The SAX event structure
      • start_of_document
      • version_information
      • encoding_declaration
      • standalone_declaration
      • document_type_declaration
      • end_of_document
      • start_of_element
      • attribute_name
      • attribute_characters
      • end_of_element
      • start_of_CDATA_section
      • end_of_CDATA_section
      • content_characters
      • processing_instruction
      • comment
      • namespace_declare
      • end_of_input
      • unresolved_reference
      • exception
      • Parameters to the event functions
      • Differences in the events
    • Coded character sets for XML documents
      • Supported code pages
      • Specifying the code page
        • Specifying the encoding declaration using a number
        • Specifying the encoding declaration using an alias
    • Exceptions
    • Parsing XML documents with validation
      • XML schema
      • Creating an OSR
    • Example with a simple document
      • Example of using the PLISAXC built-in subroutine
      • Example of using the PLISAXD built-in subroutine
  • Using PLIDUMP
    • PLIDUMP usage notes
    • Locating variables in the PLIDUMP output
      • Locating AUTOMATIC variables
      • Locating STATIC variables
      • Locating CONTROLLED variables
        • Under NORENT WRITABLE
        • Under NORENT NOWRITABLE(FWS)
        • Under NORENT NOWRITABLE(PRV)
    • Saved compilation data
      • Copyright
      • Timestamp
      • Saved options string
    • PLIDUMP_XCALL environment variable
  • Interrupts and attention processing
    • Using ATTENTION ON-units
    • Interaction with a debugging tool
  • Using the Checkpoint/Restart facility
    • Requesting a checkpoint record
    • Defining the checkpoint data set
    • Requesting a restart
      • Automatic restart after a system failure
      • Automatic restart within a program
      • Getting a deferred restart
      • Modifying checkpoint/restart activity
  • Using user exits
    • Procedures performed by the compiler user exit
    • Structure of global control blocks
    • The IBM-supplied compiler exit, IBMUEXIT
    • Activating the compiler user exit
    • Customizing the compiler user exit
      • Modifying SYSUEXIT
      • Writing your own compiler exit
      • Writing the initialization procedure
      • Writing the message filtering procedure
      • Writing the termination procedure
    • Example of suppressing SQL messages
  • PL/I descriptors
    • Passing an argument
      • Argument passing by descriptor list
      • Argument passing by locator/descriptor
    • CMPAT(V*) descriptors
      • String descriptors
      • Array descriptors
    • CMPAT(LE) descriptors
      • String descriptors
      • Array descriptors
• SYSADATA message information
  • Understanding the SYSADATA file
    • Summary record
    • Options record
    • Counter records
    • Literal records
    • File records
    • Message records
  • Understanding SYSADATA symbol information
    • Ordinal type records
    • Ordinal element records
    • Symbol records
  • Understanding SYSADATA syntax information
    • Source records
    • Token records
    • Syntax records
• Notices
  • Trademarks
• Second Edition (December 2025)
• About this book
  • Using your documentation
  • How to send your comments
  • Accessibility
• Overview
  • Do I need to recompile?
    • Migration basics
      • Runtime migration - Moving to Language Environment
      • Compiler migration
    • Migration roadmap
    • Service support for OS PL/I and PL/I for MVS & VM
  • Introducing the new compiler and run time
    • Product relationships - compiler, run time, Debug Tool
    • General PL/I compiler information
    • Language Environment's runtime support for other programs
    • Advantages of the new compiler and run time
    • Major changes with the new compiler and run time
    • General conversion tasks
      • Planning your strategy
      • Moving to the Language Environment run time
      • Recompiling your source with Enterprise PL/I
      • Adding Enterprise PL/I programs to existing applications
• Conversion Strategies
  • Planning the move to Language Environment
    • Preparing to move to the Language Environment runtime library
      • Installing Language Environment
      • Assessing storage requirements
      • Educating your programmers about Language Environment
    • Taking an inventory of your applications
      • Vendor tools, packages, and products
      • PL/I applications
      • Existing PL/I load modules
    • Deciding how to phase in Language Environment
      • Handling multilanguage conversion
      • Determining how applications will have access to the library
        • LNKLST/LPALST
        • STEPLIB
          • Problems with STEPLIB and IMS programs
          • STEPLIB example
    • Setting up a regression testing procedure
    • Taking performance measurements
    • Cutting over to production use
  • Planning to move to the new compiler
    • Preparing to move your source to the new compiler
      • Installing Enterprise PL/I
      • Assessing storage requirements
      • Educating your programmers on new compiler features
    • Taking an inventory of your applications
      • Taking an inventory of vendor tools, packages, and products
      • Taking an inventory of PL/I applications
    • Prioritizing your applications
      • Determining conversion priority
      • Setting up move/no move categories
    • Making application program updates
• Moving existing applications to Language Environment
  • Running existing applications under Language Environment
    • Invoking existing applications
      • Considerations for non-CICS applications
        • Specifying the correct library
        • Specifying alternate DDNAMES (optional)
      • Considerations for CICS applications
        • Output differences when using Language Environment on CICS
    • Link-editing existing applications
  • Considerations before migrating
    • Differences in runtime options
      • Deleted runtime options
      • Replaced runtime options
      • New runtime options
    • Differences in condition handling
      • Timing differences
      • Differences in performing some fixed decimal divides with large precision
      • Unhandled condition differences
      • IBMBXITA and IBMBEER differences
      • ABEND U4039 differences
      • Severity differences
    • Differences in PLICALLA and PLICALLB support
      • PLICALLA considerations
      • PLICALLB considerations
    • Differences in preinitialization support
    • Differences in PLISRTx support
    • Differences in multitasking support
    • Differences in OS PL/I shared library support
    • Differences in DATE/TIME built-in functions
    • Differences in User Return Code
    • Differences in runtime messages
    • Differences in PLIDUMP
    • Differences in storage report
    • Differences in Interlanguage Communication support
    • Differences in assembler support
  • Object module and load module considerations
    • OS PL/I Version 1 object module and load module compatibility
      • OS PL/I Version 1 Release 5.1
      • OS PL/I Version 1 Release 5
      • OS PL/I Version 1 Release 3.0 - Release 4.0
      • OS PL/I earlier than Version 1 Release 3.0
    • OS PL/I Version 2 object module and load module compatibility
    • Summary of support for OS PL/I object modules and load modules
  • Link-Edit considerations
    • SCEERUN
    • Symbol table considerations
    • NCAL linkage editor option
    • ENTRY cards
    • Using OS PL/I math routines
  • Subsystem considerations
    • CICS considerations
      • Updating CICS system definition (CSD) file
      • Error handling
      • Restrictions on user-written condition handlers under CICS
      • Macro-level interface
      • FETCHing a PL/I MAIN Procedure
      • STACK runtime option
      • Runtime output
      • Abend codes used by PL/I under CICS
    • IMS considerations
      • Interfaces to IMS
      • SYSTEM(IMS) compile-time option
      • PLICALLA support in IMS
      • PSB language options supported
      • Storage usage considerations
      • Coordinated condition handling under IMS
      • Performance enhancement with Library Retention (LRR)
    • Db2 considerations
• Moving to the new compiler
  • Understanding the limitations of the new compiler
    • Language Environment requirements
    • Language not supported
    • Language restricted
      • RECORD I/O
      • STREAM I/O
      • Structure expressions
      • Array expressions
      • DEFAULT statement
      • Extents of automatic variables
      • Built-in functions
      • DEFINED BIT aggregates
      • OPTIONS(REENTRANT)
      • iSUB defining
      • LABEL arrays
      • DBCS
      • GRAPHIC and POSITION
      • Macro preprocessor
    • Options restricted
    • Options not supported
    • Restrictions on other interfaces to the compiler
      • Batch compilation
      • Invoking the compiler from assembler
      • Compiling under TSO
      • Specifying INCLUDE data set names
      • Defining the SYSLIN data set
    • Compiler time and space requirements
    • AMODE(24) restrictions
    • EXTERNAL names restricted
    • Listing differences
    • Control block differences
    • ISAM support differences
  • Understanding the new compiler's options
    • Understanding the effect of default options on compatibility
      • BACKREG(5)
      • BIFPREC(15)
      • CMPAT(V2)
      • EXTRN(FULL)
      • LIMITS(EXTNAME(7))
      • NORENT and WRITABLE
      • SYSTEM
    • Choosing non-default options for even more compatibility
      • COMMON
      • DFT(NOBIN1ARG)
      • DEFAULT(LINKAGE(SYSTEM))
      • DFT(OVERLAP)
      • NOREDUCE
      • NORESEXP
      • RULES(LAXCTL)
      • RULES(NOLAXINOUT NOLAXSEMI)
      • NOWRITABLE
    • Choosing options for improved performance
      • ARCH
      • BIFPREC(31)
      • DEFAULT(NONASGN)
      • DEFAULT(CONNECTED)
      • DEFAULT(REORDER)
      • DEFAULT(NOOVERLAP)
      • OPTIMIZE(3)
      • REDUCE
      • NORENT
      • RULES(NOLAXCTL)
    • Choosing options for better quality
      • RULES(NOLAXDCL)
      • RULES(NOLAXIF)
      • RULES(NOLAXLINK)
      • RULES(NOLAXMARGINS)
      • RULES(LAXSTRZ)
      • RULES(NOMULTICLOSE)
    • Choosing options for test
      • CHECK(STORAGE)
      • GONUMBER
      • PREFIX
      • TEST
  • Understanding the new compiler's messages
    • IBM1044: one-byte FIXED BIN
    • IBM1053: scaled FIXED BIN evaluation
    • IBM1065: imprecise float constants
    • IBM1091: FIXED BIN precision warning
    • IBM1099: mixed FIXED
    • IBM1181: miscoded DO loops
    • IBM1206: misuse of BIT operators
    • IBM1208: incompletely initialized arrays
    • IBM1215: incomplete declares
    • IBM1216: incorrect structure declares
    • IBM1220: pointless comparisons
    • IBM1927: SIZE condition
    • IBM1948: restricted expression evaluation
    • IBM2063: invalid ALLOCATE
    • IBM2402: storage overlay
    • IBM2409: RETURN; in a function
    • IBM2410: No RETURN in a function
    • IBM2412: missing RETURNS option
    • IBM2421: CLOSE in ENDFILE
    • IBM2610: precision interpretation
    • IBM2611, IBM2612: duplicate whens
    • IBM2617: passing labels out of PL/I
    • IBM2621: missing ON ERROR SYSTEM
    • IBM2622: warning on poorly coded DO loops
    • IBM2626: SUBSTR with a zero length
    • IBM2628: large BYVLAUE parameters
    • IBM2801: introduction of scaled FIXED BIN
    • IBM2804: suboptimal compares
    • IBM2810: conversion of scaled FIXED BIN
    • IBM2811: use of PICTURE as DO control variables
    • IBM2812: poor TRANSLATE and VERIFY
    • PLIXOPT messages
    • Using the compiler user exit
  • Understanding when working code must be changed
    • Incorrect code
      • Relying on the order of declarations
      • Using invalid FIXED DECIMAL data
      • Using invalid SUBSTR references
      • Using dissimilar EXTERNAL declares
      • Using an incorrect PLITABS declare
    • Initializing variables
      • Initializing AUTOMATIC
      • Initializing BASED
      • Initializing CONTROLLED
      • Initializing STATIC
    • Retaining unused declarations
      • Retaining unused INTERNAL STATIC
    • Incorrect code that will now raise exceptions
      • FIXEDOVERFLOW when SIZE is disabled
      • Invalid allocations
    • Incorrect code that will now loop endlessly
      • Even precision PICTURE loop control variables
    • Assignments that will produce different results
      • Source-target overlap
      • Float-to-float assignments
    • Other statements that will produce different results
      • STREAM I/O with unprintable characters
      • Uninitialized EXTERNAL STATIC
      • Incompletely declared FILEs
      • Dummy arguments and alignment
      • Dummy arguments and CONTROLLED
      • Pointer arithmetic
    • Code that will not perform as well
      • Compile times
      • FIXED DEC as a loop control
      • FIXED BIN(15) as a loop control
      • I/O using TOTAL
  • Understanding when working code may need to be changed
    • Code that will now raise an exception
      • ZERODIVIDE and OVERFLOW promoted to ERROR
      • Conditions raised when disabled
      • Invalid RETURNs
      • GOTO holes
      • The scope of NOFOFL
    • Code that will no longer raise exceptions
      • FIXEDOVERFLOW for FIXED BIN
      • CONVERSION when assigning blanks to numeric variables
      • ERROR when mapping excessively large aggregates
    • Storage mapped differently
      • One-byte FIXED BIN
    • Declarations handled differently
      • AREA with INITIAL
    • Conversions handled differently
      • Conversions from float to character
      • Conversions from scaled FIXED BINARY
    • Built-in functions handled differently
      • Arithmetic built-in functions with scale factors and FIXED BIN
      • String-handling built-in function for conversion of DBCS character strings
    • MACRO preprocessor differences
    • SQL preprocessor differences
  • Linking your new objects
    • Prelinker and PDSE considerations
    • AMODE(24) considerations
    • Using PLICALLA or PLICALLB entry
    • CHANGE cards
  • Using Language Environment with the new compiler
    • Using the right runtime options
    • Calling PL/I from assembler main programs
    • Understanding when your results might vary
      • Return codes
      • When the run time issues messages
      • What the runtime messages say
      • Where the runtime messages go
      • Math built-ins
      • Dumps
      • Storage reports
  • Tuning for better CPU and storage utilization
    • Improving CPU utilization
    • Improving storage utilization
    • Improving performance under subsystems
  • Adding Enterprise PL/I programs to existing PL/I applications
    • Object and load module considerations
    • Sharing SYSPRINT
    • Runtime option considerations
    • Condition handling considerations
    • Partitioning PL/I source programs into units of execution
  • Migrating from earlier Enterprise PL/I to Enterprise PL/I 6.2
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V6R1
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V5R3
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V5R2
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V5R1
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V4R5
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V4R4
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V4R3
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V4R2
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I V4R1
    • Migrating from Enterprise PL/I Version 3 (all releases)
    • Messages that are introduced with V6R2
    • Messages that are introduced with V6R1
    • Messages that are introduced with V5R3
    • Messages that are introduced with V5R2
    • Messages that are introduced with V5R1
    • Messages that are introduced with V4R5
    • Messages that are introduced with V4R4
    • Messages that are introduced with V4R3
    • Messages that are introduced with V4R2
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V4R1
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V3R9
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V3R8
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V3R7
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V3R6
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V3R5
    • Compiler messages that are introduced with V3R4
    • Object compatibility
    • Runtime changes
• Subsystem and other language considerations
  • Assembler considerations for PL/I applications
    • Considerations for assembler programs mimicking PL/I main procedures
    • Calling PL/I from assembler and Language Environment conforming assembler
    • Condition handling and assembler programs
    • Considerations for using assembler user exits
  • CICS considerations for PL/I applications
    • General CICS considerations
      • Updating CICS System Definition (CSD) file
      • Macro-level interface
    • Compiler options for programs that run under CICS
    • Linking CICS applications and runtime considerations
      • Error-handling
      • FETCHing a PL/I MAIN procedure
      • Runtime output
      • Abend codes used by PL/I under CICS
    • Migrating to the integrated CICS preprocessor
  • IMS considerations for PL/I applications
    • Interfaces to IMS
    • SYSTEM(IMS) compile-time option
    • PLICALLA support in IMS
    • PSB language options supported
    • Storage usage considerations
    • Coordinated condition handling under IMS
    • Performance enhancement with Library Retention (LRR)
  • Db2 considerations for PL/I applications
    • General Db2 considerations
    • Migrating to the integrated SQL preprocessor
      • Programming and compilation considerations
      • FOR BIT DATA assignment notes
• Conversion and migration aids
  • OS PL/I Routine Replacement Tool
  • OS PL/I Version 1 Release 5.1 main load module ZAP
  • OS PL/I Shared Library replacement tool
  • OS PL/I Object Module Relinking Tool - APAR PN69803
    • ILC applications
    • PLISRTx applications
  • EDGE Portfolio Analyzer
  • Vendor products
• Compiler limit comparison
• Batch processing sample
• Notices
  • Programming interface information
  • Trademarks
• Second Edition (December 2025)
• About this book
  • Compiler and preprocessor messages
  • How to send your comments
  • Accessibility
• Compiler Informational Messages (1000-1076, 2800-2999)
• Compiler Warning Messages (1078-1225, 2600-2799)
• Compiler Error Messages (1226-1499, 2400-2599)
• Compiler Severe Messages (1500-2399)
• MACRO, CICS, and SQL Preprocessor Messages (3000-3999)
• Code Generation Messages (5000-5999)
• Condition codes
  • Condition codes 1 through 500
  • Condition codes 501 through 1000
  • Condition codes 1001 through 1499
  • Condition codes 1500 through 2000
  • Condition codes 2001 through 2500
  • Condition codes 3000 through 4000
  • Condition codes 4001 through 9999
• Notices
  • Trademarks
• Course: Introduction to the PL/I Programming Language