When you set up a brand new Linux server, do you create a single 128 MB swap partition? If so, did you know that you are severely limiting swap performance? Would you like to increase swap performance by several orders of magnitude, and to create swap partitions larger than 1 GB? It's possible, requiring no kernel patches or special hardware, just pure geek know-how!
Some of you may not really care about swap. After all, Linux systems are typically very memory efficient, and swap is often barely touched. While often true on desktop systems, servers are another story. Because servers may handle unexpected stresses, such as runaway processes, denial of service attacks, or even the Slashdot effect, they need to have adequate high-speed swap so that they do not grind to a halt and possibly crash when all physical memory (and then some) is exhausted.
Still not convinced that this is a big deal? I'll show you how easy it is to bring down a server by launching a massive amount of new processes. (Please, if you try this, do it only on a non-production server that you actually administer!) Let's say you have two customized grep commands in /usr/bin, called bobgrep and jimgrep. Now, let's assume that bobgrep is simply a shell script that calls the ELF executable jimgrep, as follows:
#!/bin/bash jimgrep -r $* |
Everything looks good so far, but what happens if jimgrep gets accidentally replaced with a symbolic link to bobgrep? Well, in that case, calling bobgrep or jimgrep will cause an infinite loop, causing hundreds of bash processes to be spawned in mere seconds. This actually happened to me once, and believe me, it hurt!
If a server doesn't have adequate swap, a situation like this can cause the machine to lock up in much less than a minute. How do we fix the problem? One way is to increase the swap size beyond 128 MB. Fortunately for us, there is absolutely no 128 MB limit on swap under Linux 2.2.x+ and later kernels, as there was in the past. The current limits are approximately 2 GB on x86, PowerPC, and MC680x0 systems, 512 MB on MIPS systems, 128 GB on Alpha, and a whopping 3 Terabytes on UltraSparc platforms!
Swap partition size limits under modern Linux kernels
x86 2 Gigabytes PowerPC 2 Gigabytes Motorola 680x0 2 Gigabytes Sparc 1 Gigabyte MIPS 512 Megabytes Alpha 128 Gigabytes UltraSparc 3 Terabytes |
While it's nice to be able to increase swap partition size to beyond 128 MB, how about increasing performance? Ideally, it would be nice if we could set up swap partitions in a RAID 0 stripe, so that reads and writes are equally distributed between all partitions. If these partitions are on separate drives and/or controllers, this will multiply swap file performance, allowing your servers to handle temporary memory usage "spikes" without getting dramatically bogged down.
Amazingly, all modern Linux kernels, by default (with no special kernel options or patches) allow you to parallelize swap, just like a RAID 0 stripe. By using the pri option in /etc/fstab to set multiple swap partitions to the same priority, we tell Linux to use them in parallel:
Set multiple swap partitions to the same priority
/dev/sda2 none swap sw,pri=3 0 0 /dev/sdb2 none swap sw,pri=3 0 0 /dev/sdc2 none swap sw,pri=3 0 0 /dev/sdd2 none swap sw,pri=1 0 0 |
In the above example, Linux will use swap partitions sda2, sdb2, and sdc2 in parallel. Since these partitions are on different drives, and possibly even different SCSI controllers, read and write throughput will nearly triple. The fourth swap partition, sdd2, will be used only after the first three partitions have been exhausted.
The pri option is really easy to use. The priority must be a number between 0 and 32767, with 32767 being the highest priority. The swap partitions will be used from highest priority to lowest priority, meaning that a partition with a priority of x will only be used only if all partitions with a priority greater than x are already full. If several partitions have the same priority, Linux will automatically parallelize access between them. This allows you to not only parallelize swap, but also prioritize access so that the partitions on the fastest drives (or regions of the drives) are used first. So, you can set up an emergency swap partition on an old, slower drive that will be used only if all high-speed swap is exhausted first.
Now it's time to put some of this swapping knowledge into action. To loosely quote Mr. Miyagi of Karate Kid fame: "Swap on, swap off, geek-san!"
- The Linux system administrator's guide mirrored on Red Hat's home page
- For more information on optimizing file system performance, take a look at Linas Vepstas' Linux Software RAID HOWTO. Since the most recent software RAID code
has been merged into the 2.3 series kernels, it is a viable
option for further enhancing Linux disk performance.
Daniel Robbins resides in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He is the President/CEO of Gentoo Technologies, Inc., the Chief Architect of the Gentoo Project and a contributing author of several books published by MacMillan: Caldera OpenLinux Unleashed, SuSE Linux Unleashed, and Samba Unleashed. Daniel has been involved with computers in some fashion since the second grade, when he was first exposed to the Logo programming language as well as a potentially dangerous dose of Pac Man. This probably explains why he has since served as a Lead Graphic Artist at SONY Electronic Publishing/Psygnosis. Daniel enjoys spending time with his wife, Mary, and his new baby daughter, Hadassah. You can contact Daniel Robbins at drobbins@gentoo.org.
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