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Java internationalization basics

Joe Sam Shirah (joesam@conceptgo.com), Principal and developer, conceptGO

Joe Sam Shirah is a principal and developer at conceptGO, which provides remote consulting and software development services, as well as products, with specialties in JDBC, I18N, the AS/400, RPG, finance, inventory, and logistics. Joe Sam was presented with the Java Community Award at JavaOne, 1998, and is the author of the JDBC 2.0 Fundamentals short course at the Java Developer Connection. He is the moderator of the developerWorks "Java filter" discussion forum and manager for jGuru's JDBC, I18N, and Java400 FAQs. Joe Sam has a B.B.A. in Economics and a Master's degree in International Management.

Summary: This tutorial introduces you to the Java programming language's support for multilingual and multicountry environments. The tutorial begins with a general discussion of internationalization principles and concepts, and then moves on to an overview of the specific areas of Java internationalization support. The last few sections provide a more hands-on discussion of the areas basic to any internationalized Java application: Unicode and Java characters; locales and resource bundles; and formatting dates, numbers, and currencies.

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Date: 23 Apr 2002
Level: Introductory
PDF: A4 and Letter (202 KB | 64 pages)Get Adobe® Reader®

Activity: 21606 views
Comments:

Appendix A: Complete code listings

charExample.java: character example

import javax.swing.*;

public class charExample
{
  public static void main( String[] args )
  {
    boolean bFirst = true;    
    char aChar[] = {
                     'A',    // character
                      65,     // decimal
                      0x41,   // hex
                      0101,   // octal
                     '\u0041' // Unicode escape
                   };

    char myChar = 256;
    
    for( int i = 0; i < aChar.length; i++ )
    {
      System.out.print( aChar[ i ]++ + " " );
      if( i == (aChar.length - 1) )
      {
        System.out.println( "\n---------" );
        if( bFirst )
        {
          i = -1;
          bFirst = !bFirst;          
        }
      }
    } // end for
    // the result of adding two chars is an int
    System.out.println( "aChar[0] + aChar[1] equals: " + 
                        (aChar[0] + aChar[1]) );
    System.out.println( "myChar at 256: " + myChar );
    System.out.println( "myChar at 20116 or \\u4E94: " + 
                       ( myChar = 20116 ) );
    // show integer value of the char
    System.out.println( "myChar numeric value: " + 
                    (int)myChar );

    JFrame jf = new JFrame();
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( jf,
        "myChar at 20116 or \\u4E94: " + 
        ( myChar = 20116 ) + 
        "\nmyChar numeric value: " + 
        (int)myChar, 
        "charExample", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);

    jf.dispose();
    System.exit(0);

  } // end main
  
}  // End class charExample

ByTheNumbers.java: PropertyResourceBundle example

ByTheNumbersrb.properties

# Default properties in English 
0=Zero:
1=One:
2=Two:
3=Three:
4=Four:
5=Five:
6=Six:
7=Seven:
8=Eight:
9=Nine:
10=Ten:
random=Random
title=Key in numbers to match the words:

ByTheNumbersrb_de.properties

# Default properties in German
0=Null:
1=Eins:
2=Zwei:
3=Drei:
4=Vier:
5=Fünf:
6=Sechs:
7=Sieben:
8=Acht:
9=Neun:
10=Zehn:
random=aufs Geratewohl

ByTheNumbersrb_en.properties

# Default properties in English 
0=Zero:
1=One:
2=Two:
3=Three:
4=Four:
5=Five:
6=Six:
7=Seven:
8=Eight:
9=Nine:
10=Ten:
random=Random
title=Key in numbers to match the words:

ByTheNumbersrb_fr.properties

# Default properties in French
0=Z豯:
1=Uun:
2=deux:
3=Trois:
4=Quatre:
5=cinq:
6=Six:
7=Sept:
8=Huit:
9=Neuf:
10=Dix:
random=au hasard

ByTheNumbersrb_ru.properties

# Default properties in Russian
0=\u041D\u0443\u043B\u044C:
1=\u041E\u0434\u0438\u043D:
2=\u0414\u0432\u0430:
3=\u0422\u0440\u0438:
4=\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044B\u0440\u0435:
5=\u041F\u044F\u0442\u044C:
6=\u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C:
7=\u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C:
8=\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C:
9=\u0414\u0435\u0432\u044F\u0442\u044C:
10=\u0414\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u044C:
random=\u041D\u0430\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0434

ByTheNumbers.java (Part 1)

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;

public class ByTheNumbers extends    JFrame
                          implements ActionListener,
                                     WindowListener
{
  static final int sfiSIZE = 11;

  boolean bRandomize = false;

  Font fLucida;

  int iSelIndex = 0;
  int[] aiOrder = new int[sfiSIZE];

  JButton    jbOK  = new JButton( "OK" ),
             jbRandom  = new JButton();
  JComboBox  jcb = null;
  JLabel[] ajl = new JLabel[sfiSIZE];
  JTextField[] ajtf = new JTextField[sfiSIZE];
  JPanel     jpNorth  = new JPanel( 
                new GridLayout(0,1) ),
             jpCenter = new JPanel(), 
             jpCenterNest = new JPanel( 
                new GridLayout(0,2) ),
             jpSouth  = new JPanel();

  Locale[]   alSupported = {
                Locale.US,
                Locale.FRANCE,
                Locale.GERMANY,
                new Locale( "ru", "RU" )
                           };
  Random rNumber = new Random();
  ResourceBundle rb;

  String sRBName = getClass().getName() + "rb";
  String[]   asDNames;


  public ByTheNumbers()
  {
    int i = 0;
    JLabel jlTemp = null;
    JTextField jtfTemp = null;
                         
    setTitle( "ByTheNumbers" );
    addWindowListener( this );
        
    Font fJB = jbOK.getFont();
    fLucida = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        fJB.getStyle(),
                        fJB.getSize() );

    Container cp = getContentPane();

    asDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    Locale lDefault = Locale.getDefault();
    for( i = 0; i < alSupported.length; i++ )
    {
      asDNames[i] =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName();

      if( iSelIndex == 0 && 
          lDefault.equals( alSupported[i] ) )
      { iSelIndex = i; }
    } // end for

    jcb = new JComboBox( asDNames );
    jcb.setFont( fLucida );
    jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex );
    jcb.addActionListener( this );

    for( i = 0; i < ajl.length; i++ )
    {
      jlTemp = new JLabel();
      jlTemp.setFont( fLucida );
      jlTemp.setName( i +  "" ); // set Name
      jtfTemp = new JTextField(3);
      jtfTemp.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );

      ajl[i] = jlTemp;
      ajtf[i] = jtfTemp;
      
      jpCenterNest.add( jlTemp );
      jpCenterNest.add( jtfTemp );
    }
    loadFromResourceBundle(); // get localized labels

    jbOK.addActionListener( this );
    jbRandom.setFont( fLucida );
    jbRandom.setText( rb.getString( "random" ) );
    jbRandom.addActionListener( this );

    jpNorth.add( jcb );
    jlTemp = new JLabel( rb.getString( "title" ) );
    jlTemp.setFont( fLucida );
    jpNorth.add( jlTemp );
    jpCenter.add( jpCenterNest );
    jpSouth.add(jbOK);
    jpSouth.add(jbRandom);

    cp.add( jpNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH );
    cp.add( jpCenter, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    cp.add( jpSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
    pack();
    setResizable( false );

    show();

  }  // end constructor

ByTheNumbers.java (Part 2)

                 public void checkAnswers()
  {
    boolean b = true;
    JTextField jtf = null;
    String s = null;

    for( int i = 0; i < sfiSIZE; i++ )
    {
      jtf = ajtf[i];
      s = jtf.getText().trim();
      if( !s.equals( ajl[i].getName() ) )
      {
        jtf.requestFocus();
        jtf.selectAll();
        b = false;
        break;
      }
    } // end for
    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
      b ? "Congratulations!" : "Keep Trying!", 
      "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    
  }  // end checkAnswers


  public void loadFromResourceBundle()
  {
    try
    { // get the PropertyResourceBundle
      rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle( 
              sRBName, 
              alSupported[iSelIndex] );
      // get data associated with keys
      for( int i = 0; i < sfiSIZE; i++ )
      {
        aiOrder[i] = i;
        ajl[i].setText( rb.getString( ajl[i].getName() ) );
      }
      bRandomize = false;
    } // end try
    catch( MissingResourceException mre )
    {
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
        "ResourceBundle problem;\n" +
        "Specific error: " + mre.getMessage(), 
        "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }
  } // end loadFromResourceBundle


  public void loadGUI()
  {
    boolean bFirst = true;
    int i = 0,
        j = 0;

    if( bRandomize )
    {
      for( i = 0; i < sfiSIZE; i++ )
      {
        if( bFirst ) 
        { // init array to known value
          aiOrder[i] = 99;
          if( i == ( sfiSIZE - 1 )) 
          { 
            bFirst = !bFirst; 
            i = -1;
          }
          continue;
        } // end if bFirst

        while( true )
        {
          j = rNumber.nextInt( sfiSIZE );
          if( aiOrder[j] == 99  )
          {
            aiOrder[j] = i;
            break;
          }
        } // end while
      } // end for
    } // end if bRandomize

    jpCenterNest.removeAll();
    
    for( i = 0; i < sfiSIZE; i++ )
    {
      j = aiOrder[i];
      ajtf[j].setText("");
      jpCenterNest.add( ajl[j] );
      jpCenterNest.add( ajtf[j] );
    }
    jpCenterNest.revalidate();
  }  // loadGUI


  // ActionListener Implementation
  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
  {
    Object oSource = ae.getSource();

    if( oSource == jbRandom )
    {
      bRandomize = true;
      loadGUI();
      return;
    }

    if( oSource == jbOK )
    {
      checkAnswers();
      return;
    }

    if( oSource == jcb )
    {
      iSelIndex = jcb.getSelectedIndex();
      loadFromResourceBundle();
      loadGUI();
      return;
    }
  }  // End actionPerformed


// Window Listener Implementation
  public void windowOpened(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
  {
    dispose();
    System.exit(0);
  }
  public void windowClosed(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowIconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowActivated(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we) {}
// End Window Listener Implementation


  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    new ByTheNumbers();
  }  // end main

}  // end class ByTheNumbers

JIBDateGUI.java: DateFormat example

JIBDateGUI.java (Part 1)

import java.sql.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

public class JIBDateGUI extends    JFrame
                        implements ActionListener,
                                   WindowListener
{
  boolean bToggleFlag = true;

  DateFormat dfLocal,
             dfSelected;

  java.sql.Date jsqlDate = new java.sql.Date( 
     System.currentTimeMillis() );

  Font fLucida;

  int iFormat, 
      iSelIndex = 0;

  JButton    jbOK  = new JButton( "OK" ),
             jbToggle = new JButton( 
               "Toggle Display Names" );
  JComboBox  jcb = null;
  JPanel     jpNorth  = new JPanel(),
             jpCenter = new JPanel(),
             jpSouth  = new JPanel();
  JTextField jtI = new JTextField( 10 ),
             jtD = new JTextField( 10 ),
             jtP = new JTextField( 10 );

  Locale     lDefault = Locale.getDefault();
  Locale[]   alSupported;
  
  String[]   asDNames,
             asLDNames;


  public JIBDateGUI()
  {
    this( DateFormat.SHORT );
  } // end default constructor

JIBDateGUI.java (Part 2)

                 public JIBDateGUI( int argiFormat )
  {
    String s1 = null;

    setTitle( "JIBDateGUI" );
    addWindowListener( this );
        
    Font fJCB = jbToggle.getFont();
    fLucida = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        fJCB.getStyle(),
                        fJCB.getSize() );

    iFormat = argiFormat;
    dfLocal = DateFormat.getDateInstance( 
     iFormat );
    
    alSupported = Locale.getAvailableLocales();
    asDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    asLDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    for( int i = 0; i < alSupported.length; i++ )
    {
      asDNames[i] =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName();

      s1 =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName( alSupported[i] );
      if( fLucida.canDisplay( s1.charAt( 0 ) ) )
      { asLDNames[i] = s1; }
      else
      { asLDNames[i] = s1 + " - font can't display."; }

      if( iSelIndex == 0 && 
          lDefault.equals( alSupported[i] ) )
      { iSelIndex = i; }
    } // end for
    
    toggleDisplayNames();
    jtI.setText( dfLocal.format( jsqlDate ) );
    // cause ActionPerformed event
    jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex );

    jbOK.addActionListener( this );
    jbToggle.addActionListener( this );

    jtD.setEditable( false );
    jtD.setFont( fLucida );
    jtP.setEditable( false );
    jtP.setFont( fLucida );

    dfLocal.setLenient( false );

    jpNorth.add(new JLabel("Input a Date:"));
    jpNorth.add(jtI);
    jpNorth.add(jbOK);
    JLabel jlTemp = new JLabel("Default = " + 
            lDefault.getDisplayName() );
    jlTemp.setFont( fLucida );
    jpNorth.add( jlTemp );
    jpCenter.add(new JLabel("Display:"));
    jpCenter.add(jtD);
    jpCenter.add(new JLabel("Parsed ISO:"));
    jpCenter.add(jtP);

    Container cp = getContentPane();
    cp.add( jpNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH );
    cp.add( jpCenter, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    cp.add( jpSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
    pack();

    show();

  }  // end constructor


  public void toggleDisplayNames()
  {
    boolean bjcbExist = false;

    if( jcb != null )
    {
      jpSouth.remove( jcb );
      jpSouth.remove( jbToggle );
      iSelIndex = jcb.getSelectedIndex();
      bjcbExist = true;
    }

    if( bToggleFlag )
    { jcb = new JComboBox( asDNames ); }
    else
    { jcb = new JComboBox( asLDNames ); }
    
    bToggleFlag = !bToggleFlag;

    if( bjcbExist )
    { jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex ); }
    jcb.setFont( fLucida );
    jcb.addActionListener( this );
    jpSouth.add( jcb );
    jpSouth.add( jbToggle );

  }  // end toggleDisplayNames
  

  // ActionListener Implementation
  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
  {
    Object oSource = ae.getSource();

    if( oSource == jbToggle )
    {
      toggleDisplayNames();
      pack();
      return;
    }

    if( oSource == jcb )
    {
      dfSelected = DateFormat.getDateInstance( 
         iFormat, 
         alSupported[ jcb.getSelectedIndex() ] ); 
    }  // end if jcb, continue on
    
    jtD.setText( "" );
    jtP.setText( "" );
    
    try
    {
      java.util.Date d = dfLocal.parse( 
         jtI.getText() );
      jtI.setText( dfLocal.format( d ) );
      jtI.setCaretPosition(0);
      jtD.setText( dfSelected.format( d ) );
      jtD.setCaretPosition(0);
      d = dfSelected.parse( jtD.getText() );
      // get new java.sql.Date
      jsqlDate = new java.sql.Date( d.getTime() );
      
      jtP.setText( jsqlDate.toString() );
    }
    catch( ParseException pe ) 
    { 
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
      pe.getMessage(), "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }

  }  // End actionPerformed


// Window Listener Implementation
  public void windowOpened(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
  {
    dispose();
    System.exit(0);
  }
  public void windowClosed(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowIconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowActivated(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we) {}
// End Window Listener Implementation


  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    int i = DateFormat.SHORT;
    String s = null;
    if( args.length == 1 )
    {
      if( args[0].equals( "full" ) )
      { i = DateFormat.FULL; }
      else
      if( args[0].equals( "long" ) )
      { i = DateFormat.LONG; }
      else
      if( args[0].equals( "medium" ) )
      { i = DateFormat.MEDIUM; }
    }

    new JIBDateGUI( i );

  }  // end main

}  // end class JIBDateGUI

JIBNumberGUI.java: NumberFormat example

JIBNumberGUI.java (Part 1)

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

public class JIBNumberGUI extends  JFrame
                        implements ActionListener,
                                   WindowListener
{
  boolean bToggleFlag   = true,
          bNumberFormat = true;
  
  Font fLucida;

  int iSelIndex = 0;

  JButton    jbOK  = new JButton( "OK" ),
             jbToggle = new JButton( 
               "Toggle Display Names" );
  JComboBox  jcb = null,
             jcbDP = null;
  JPanel     jpNorth  = new JPanel(),
             jpCenter = new JPanel(),
             jpSouth  = new JPanel();
  JTextField jtI = new JTextField( 10 ),
             jtD = new JTextField( 10 ),
             jtP = new JTextField( 10 );

  Locale     lDefault = Locale.getDefault();
  Locale[]   alSupported;

  NumberFormat nfLocal = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(),
               nfSelected;
                 
  String[]   asDNames,
             asLDNames,
             asDP = { "Number", "Percent"};


  public JIBNumberGUI()
  {
    String s1 = null;

    setTitle( "JIBNumberGUI" );
    addWindowListener( this );
        
    Font fJCB = jbToggle.getFont();
    fLucida = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        fJCB.getStyle(),
                        fJCB.getSize() );
    
    alSupported = Locale.getAvailableLocales();
    asDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    asLDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    for( int i = 0; i < alSupported.length; i++ )
    {
      asDNames[i] =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName();

      s1 =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName( alSupported[i] );
      if( fLucida.canDisplay( s1.charAt( 0 ) ) )
      { asLDNames[i] = s1; }
      else
      { asLDNames[i] = s1 + " - font can't display."; }

      if( iSelIndex == 0 && 
          lDefault.equals( alSupported[i] ) )
      { iSelIndex = i; }
    } // end for
    
    toggleDisplayNames();
    jtI.setText( nfLocal.format( 123456.7 ) );
    // cause ActionPerformed event
    jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex );

    jcbDP = new JComboBox( asDP );
    jcbDP.addActionListener( this );
    jbOK.addActionListener( this );
    jbToggle.addActionListener( this );

    jtD.setEditable( false );
    jtD.setFont( fLucida );
    jtP.setEditable( false );
    jtP.setFont( fLucida );

    jpNorth.add(new JLabel("Input:"));
    jpNorth.add(jcbDP);
    jpNorth.add(jtI);
    jpNorth.add(jbOK);
    JLabel jlTemp = new JLabel("Default = " + 
            lDefault.getDisplayName() );
    jlTemp.setFont( fLucida );
    jpNorth.add( jlTemp );
    jpCenter.add(new JLabel("Display:"));
    jpCenter.add(jtD);
    jpCenter.add(new JLabel("Parsed:"));
    jpCenter.add(jtP);

    Container cp = getContentPane();
    cp.add( jpNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH );
    cp.add( jpCenter, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    cp.add( jpSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
    pack();

    show();

  }  // end constructor


  public void toggleDisplayNames()
  {
    boolean bjcbExisted = false;

    if( jcb != null )
    {
      jpSouth.remove( jcb );
      jpSouth.remove( jbToggle );
      iSelIndex = jcb.getSelectedIndex();
      bjcbExisted = true;
    }

    if( bToggleFlag )
    { jcb = new JComboBox( asDNames ); }
    else
    { jcb = new JComboBox( asLDNames ); }
    
    bToggleFlag = !bToggleFlag;

    if( bjcbExisted )
    { jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex ); }
    jcb.setFont( fLucida );
    jcb.addActionListener( this );
    jpSouth.add( jcb );
    jpSouth.add( jbToggle );

  }  // end toggleDisplayNames

JIBNumberGUI.java (Part 2)

                 

  // ActionListener Implementation
  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
  {
    Number n = null;
    Object oSource = ae.getSource();

    if( oSource == jbToggle )
    {
      toggleDisplayNames();
      pack();
      return;
    }

    if( oSource == jcbDP )
    {
      if( jcbDP.getSelectedIndex() == 0 )
      {
        bNumberFormat = true;
        try { n = nfLocal.parse( jtI.getText() ); }
        catch( ParseException pe ) {}
        nfLocal = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(); 
      }
      else
      {
        bNumberFormat = false;
        try { n = nfLocal.parse( jtI.getText() ); }
        catch( ParseException pe ) {}
        nfLocal = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
      }
      jtI.setText( nfLocal.format( n ) );
      // set to perform jcb operation
      oSource = jcb;
    }
    
    if( oSource == jcb )
    {
      if( bNumberFormat )
      {
        nfSelected = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance( 
           alSupported[ jcb.getSelectedIndex() ] ); 
      }
      else
      {
        nfSelected = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance( 
           alSupported[ jcb.getSelectedIndex() ] ); 
      }
    }  // end if jcb, continue on
    
    jtD.setText( "" );
    jtP.setText( "" );
    
    try
    {
      n = nfLocal.parse( jtI.getText() );
      jtI.setText( nfLocal.format( n ) );
      jtD.setText( nfSelected.format( n ) );
      n = nfSelected.parse( jtD.getText() );
      jtP.setText( n.toString() );
    }
    catch( ParseException pe ) 
    { 
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
      pe.getMessage(), "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }

  }  // End actionPerformed


// Window Listener Implementation
  public void windowOpened(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
  {
    dispose();
    System.exit(0);
  }
  public void windowClosed(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowIconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowActivated(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we) {}
// End Window Listener Implementation


  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    new JIBNumberGUI();
  }  // end main

}  // end class JIBNumberGUI

JIBCurrencyGUI.java: CurrencyFormat example

JIBCurrencyGUI.java (Part 1)

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

public class JIBCurrencyGUI extends    JFrame
                            implements ActionListener,
                                       ItemListener,
                                       WindowListener
{
  boolean bRequireSymbol = true,
          bToggleFlag = true;

  Font fLucida;

  int iSelIndex = 0;

  JButton    jbOK  = new JButton( "OK" ),
             jbToggle = new JButton( 
               "Toggle Display Names" );
  JCheckBox  jchkb = new JCheckBox(
     "Require Symbol");
  JComboBox  jcb = null;
  JPanel     jpNorth  = new JPanel(),
             jpCenter = new JPanel(),
             jpSouth  = new JPanel();
  JTextField jtI = new JTextField( 10 ),
             jtD = new JTextField( 10 ),
             jtP = new JTextField( 10 );

  Locale     lDefault = Locale.getDefault();
  Locale[]   alSupported;

  NumberFormat cfLocal = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(),
               cfSelected,
               nfLocal = NumberFormat.getInstance();
  
  String[]   asDNames,
             asLDNames;
  String     sCurSymbol = "";


  public JIBCurrencyGUI()
  {
    int i;
    String s1 = null;

    setTitle( "JIBCurrencyGUI");
    addWindowListener( this );
        
    Font fJCB = jbToggle.getFont();
    fLucida = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        fJCB.getStyle(),
                        fJCB.getSize() );
    
    alSupported = Locale.getAvailableLocales();
    asDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    asLDNames = new String[ alSupported.length ];
    for( i = 0; i < alSupported.length; i++ )
    {
      asDNames[i] =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName();

      s1 =
         alSupported[i].getDisplayName( alSupported[i] );
      if( fLucida.canDisplay( s1.charAt( 0 ) ) )
      { asLDNames[i] = s1; }
      else
      { asLDNames[i] = s1 + " - font can't display."; }

      if( iSelIndex == 0 && 
          lDefault.equals( alSupported[i] ) )
      { iSelIndex = i; }
    } // end for
    
    toggleDisplayNames();
    jtI.setText( cfLocal.format( 150.75 ) );
    // cause ActionPerformed event
    jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex );

    jbOK.addActionListener( this );
    jbToggle.addActionListener( this );
    
    jchkb.setSelected(true);    
    jchkb.addItemListener( this );

    jtD.setEditable( false );
    jtD.setFont( fLucida );
    jtP.setEditable( false );
    jtP.setFont( fLucida );

    jpNorth.add(new JLabel("Input:"));
    jpNorth.add(jtI);
    jpNorth.add(jbOK);
    jpNorth.add(jchkb);
    JLabel jlTemp = new JLabel("Default = " + 
            lDefault.getDisplayName() );
    jlTemp.setFont( fLucida );
    jpNorth.add( jlTemp );
    jpCenter.add(new JLabel("Display:"));
    jpCenter.add(jtD);
    jpCenter.add(new JLabel("Parsed:"));
    jpCenter.add(jtP);

    Container cp = getContentPane();
    cp.add( jpNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH );
    cp.add( jpCenter, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    cp.add( jpSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
    pack();

    show();

    if( cfLocal instanceof DecimalFormat )
    { 
      DecimalFormatSymbols dfs =
       ((DecimalFormat)cfLocal).getDecimalFormatSymbols();
      sCurSymbol = dfs.getCurrencySymbol();

      char chMDS = dfs.getMonetaryDecimalSeparator();
      if( chMDS != dfs.getDecimalSeparator() )
      {
        dfs.setDecimalSeparator( chMDS );
      }

      if( nfLocal instanceof DecimalFormat )
      { 
        ((DecimalFormat)nfLocal).setDecimalFormatSymbols(
             dfs );
      }
      else
      { jchkb.setEnabled( false ); }
    } // end if cfLocal instanceof DecimalFormat
    else
    { jchkb.setEnabled( false ); }
    
  }  // end constructor

JIBCurrencyGUI.java (Part 2)

                
  public void toggleDisplayNames()
  {
        boolean bjcbExist = false;

    if( jcb != null )
    {
      jpSouth.remove( jcb );
      jpSouth.remove( jbToggle );
      iSelIndex = jcb.getSelectedIndex();
      bjcbExist = true;
    }

    if( bToggleFlag )
    { jcb = new JComboBox( asDNames ); }
    else
    { jcb = new JComboBox( asLDNames ); }
    
    bToggleFlag = !bToggleFlag;

    if( bjcbExist )
    { jcb.setSelectedIndex( iSelIndex ); }
    jcb.setFont( fLucida );
    jcb.addActionListener( this );
    jpSouth.add( jcb );
    jpSouth.add( jbToggle );

  }  // end toggleDisplayNames
  

  // ActionListener Implementation
  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
  {
    Object oSource = ae.getSource();

    Number n = null;
    String sText = jtI.getText();

    if( oSource == jbToggle )
    {
      toggleDisplayNames();
      pack();
      return;
    }

    if( oSource == jcb )
    {
      cfSelected = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(
         alSupported[ jcb.getSelectedIndex() ] );
    }  // end if jcb, continue on
    
    jtD.setText( "" );
    jtP.setText( "" );

    try
    {
      if( bRequireSymbol ) 
      {
         n = cfLocal.parse( sText ); 
      }
      else 
      { // currency symbol may still be present, check
        if( sText.indexOf( sCurSymbol ) == -1 )
        { 
          n = nfLocal.parse( sText ); 
        }
        else
        {
          n = cfLocal.parse( sText );
        }
      }

      jtI.setText( cfLocal.format( n ) );
      jtD.setText( cfSelected.format( n ) );
      n = cfSelected.parse( jtD.getText() );
      jtP.setText( n.toString() );
    }
    catch( ParseException pe ) 
    { 
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
      pe.getMessage(), "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }

  }  // End actionPerformed
  

  // ItemListener Implementation
  public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) 
  {
    bRequireSymbol = !bRequireSymbol;

  }  // End itemStateChanged
  

// Window Listener Implementation
  public void windowOpened(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
  {
    dispose();
    System.exit(0);
  }
  public void windowClosed(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowIconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowActivated(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we) {}
// End Window Listener Implementation


  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    new JIBCurrencyGUI();
  }  // end main

}  // end class JIBCurrencyGUI

JIBSEM.java: Sanitation Engineer Maintenance example

JIBSEMrb.properties

# Default properties in English 
# Label for Title
title=Sanitation Engineer Maintenance
# Engineer Table Column 1 Title and Employee label
Engineer=Engineer
# Name Table Column 2 Title
Name=Name
# Label for Edit
Edit=Edit
# Label for Current
Current=Current
# Label for Salary input field
Salary=Salary:
# Label for Hire Date input field
Date=Date:
# Label for Tons input field
Tons=Tons:

JIBSEMrb_de.properties

# Default properties in German 
# Engineer Table Column 1 Title and Employee label
Engineer=Ingenieur
# Name Table Column 2 Title
Name=Name
# Label for Edit
Edit=Bearbeiten
# Label for Current
Current=Aktuell
# Label for Salary input field
Salary=Löhne:
# Label for Hire Date input field
Date=Date:
# Label for Tons input field
Tons=Tonne:

JIBSEMrb_fr.properties

# Default properties in French 
# Engineer Table Column 1 Title and Employee label
Engineer=Ing譩eur
# Name Table Column 2 Title
Name=Nom
# Label for Edit
Edit=Editer
# Label for Current
Current=Actuel
# Label for Salary input field
Salary=Salaire:
# Label for Hire Date input field
Date=Date:
# Label for Tons input field
Tons=Tonne:

JIBSEMrb_ru.properties

# Default properties in Russian 
# Engineer Table Column 1 Title and Employee label
Engineer=\u0418\u043D\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440
# Name Table Column 2 Title
Name=\u0418\u043C\u044F
# Label for Edit
Edit=\u0420\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440
# Label for Current
Current=\u0422\u0435\u043A\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439
# Label for Salary input field
Salary=\u041E\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434:
# Label for Hire Date input field
Date=\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430:
# Label for Tons input field
Tons=\u0422\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044b:

JIBSEM.java (Part 1)

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import javax.swing.table.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

public class JIBSEM extends    JFrame
                    implements ActionListener,
                               FocusListener,
                               ListSelectionListener,
                               WindowListener
{
  DateFormat[] aDF;
  DateFormat dfSelected;

  Font fLucida,
       fLucidaNormal,
       fLucidaTitle;

  int iRowIndex = 0;

  JIBSEMATM ATM;
  JIBSEMRow[] aRows = new JIBSEMRow[4];

  JButton    jbOK  = new JButton( "OK" );
  JLabel     jlCI = new JLabel(),
             jlCurrent = new JLabel(
               "", 
                SwingConstants.CENTER),
             jlDI = new JLabel(),
             jlE = new JLabel(),
             jlEID = new JLabel(),
             jlEName = new JLabel(),
             jlEdit = new JLabel(
               "", 
                SwingConstants.CENTER),
             jlLName = new JLabel(),
             jlNI = new JLabel(),
             jlNow,
             jlTitle = new JLabel();
  JPanel     jpNorth  = new JPanel( 
                new BorderLayout() ),
             jpNorthFlow = new JPanel(),
             jpCenter = new JPanel( 
                new BorderLayout() ),
             jpCenterNorth = new JPanel(),
             jpCenterSouth = new JPanel(),
             jpCenterSouthNest = new JPanel( 
                new GridLayout(0,3) ),
             jpSouth  = new JPanel();
  JScrollPane jsp;
  JTable     jtbl;
  JTextField jtCD = new JTextField( 9 ),
             jtCI = new JTextField( 9 ),
             jtDD = new JTextField( 9 ),
             jtDI = new JTextField( 9 ),
             jtND = new JTextField( 9 ),
             jtNI = new JTextField( 9 );

  Locale     lDefault = Locale.getDefault();
  Locale[]   alSupported = {
                Locale.US,
                Locale.FRANCE,
                Locale.GERMANY,
                new Locale( "ru", "RU" )
                           };
  NumberFormat[] aCF,
                 aNF;
  NumberFormat   cfSelected,
                 nfSelected;

  Object[][] aoTableData = new Object[4][2];

  ResourceBundle rb;

  String[]   asHeaders = new String[2];
  String sRBName = getClass().getName() + "rb";


  public JIBSEM()
  {
    int i = 0;

    setTitle( "JIBSEM" );
    addWindowListener( this );
        
    Font fJB = jbOK.getFont();
    fLucida = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        fJB.getStyle(),
                        fJB.getSize() );
                        
    fLucidaNormal = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        Font.PLAIN,
                        fJB.getSize() );

    fLucidaTitle = new Font("Lucida Sans", 
                        fJB.getStyle(),
                        fJB.getSize() + 4 );

    aCF = new NumberFormat[ alSupported.length ];
    aDF = new DateFormat[ alSupported.length ];
    aNF = new NumberFormat[ alSupported.length ];

    boolean bLocaleMatched = false;
    Locale lTemp;
    for( i = 0; i < alSupported.length; i++ )
    {
      lTemp = alSupported[i];
      aCF[i] = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance( 
                  lTemp );

      aDF[i] = DateFormat.getDateInstance( 
                  DateFormat.SHORT, 
                  lTemp );
      aDF[i].setLenient( false );

      aNF[i] = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance( 
                  lTemp );
      if( lDefault.equals( lTemp ) )
      {
        bLocaleMatched = true;  
      }
    } // end for
    if( !bLocaleMatched ) { lDefault = Locale.US; }
    jlNow = new JLabel( DateFormat.getDateInstance( 
       DateFormat.FULL, lDefault ).format( new Date( 
          System.currentTimeMillis() )) + 
      "   Default = " + 
       lDefault.getDisplayName(),
       SwingConstants.CENTER );

    loadFromResourceBundle(); // get localized labels

    jbOK.addActionListener( this );

    jlTitle.setFont( fLucidaTitle );
    jlNow.setFont( fLucidaNormal );
    jlTitle.setHorizontalAlignment( SwingConstants.CENTER );
    jlCI.setFont( fLucida );
    jlDI.setFont( fLucida );
    jlCurrent.setFont( fLucida );
    jlE.setFont( fLucida );
    jlE.setText( asHeaders[0] + ":" );
    jlEdit.setFont( fLucida );
    jlEID.setFont( fLucida );
    jlEID.setForeground( Color.black );
    jlEName.setFont( fLucida );
    jlLName.setFont( fLucidaNormal );
    jlEName.setForeground( Color.black );
    jlNI.setFont( fLucida );

    jtCD.addFocusListener(this);
    jtCD.setForeground( Color.green.darker().darker() );
    jtCD.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );
    jtCI.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );
    jtDD.addFocusListener(this);
    jtDD.setForeground( Color.green.darker().darker() );
    jtDD.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );
    jtDI.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );
    jtND.addFocusListener(this);
    jtND.setForeground( Color.green.darker().darker() );
    jtND.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );
    jtNI.setHorizontalAlignment( JTextField.RIGHT );

    loadData();
    ATM = new JIBSEMATM( aoTableData, asHeaders );
    jtbl = new JTable( ATM );
    jtbl.setFont( fLucidaNormal );
    jtbl.getTableHeader().setFont( fLucidaNormal );

    Dimension dim = jtCI.getPreferredSize();
    TableColumnModel tcm = jtbl.getColumnModel();

    TableColumn tc = tcm.getColumn(0);
    dim.width = tc.getPreferredWidth();
    tc = tcm.getColumn(1);
    i = tc.getPreferredWidth() * 3;
    tc.setPreferredWidth(i);
    dim.width += i;
    dim.height = jtbl.getRowHeight() * 4;

    jtbl.setPreferredScrollableViewportSize( dim );
    jtbl.setSelectionMode(
       ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION );
    jtbl.getSelectionModel().
       addListSelectionListener( this );
    jtbl.setRowSelectionInterval(0, 0);
    jsp = new JScrollPane(jtbl);

    jpNorth.add( jlTitle, BorderLayout.NORTH );
    jpNorth.add(jlNow, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    jpNorthFlow.add( jsp );
    jpNorth.add( jpNorthFlow, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
    jpCenterNorth.add( jlE );
    jpCenterNorth.add( jlEID );
    jpCenterNorth.add(new JLabel(" "));
    jpCenterNorth.add( jlEName );
    jpCenterNorth.add( jlLName );
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(new JLabel(" "));
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jlEdit);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jlCurrent);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jlCI);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jtCI);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jtCD);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jlDI);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jtDI);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jtDD);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jlNI);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jtNI);
    jpCenterSouthNest.add(jtND);
    jpCenterSouth.add(jpCenterSouthNest);
    jpCenter.add(jpCenterNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH);
    jpCenter.add(jpCenterSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
    jpSouth.add(jbOK);

    Container cp = getContentPane();
    cp.add( jpNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH );
    cp.add( jpCenter, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    cp.add( jpSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
    pack();

    show();
  }  // end constructor

JIBSEM.java (Part 2)

                
  public String formatCurrency( double dSalary )
  {
    cfSelected = aCF[iRowIndex];

    return cfSelected.format( dSalary );
  } // end formatCurrency


  public String formatDate( java.util.Date d )
  {
    dfSelected = aDF[iRowIndex];

    return dfSelected.format( d );
  } // end formatDate
  

  public String formatNumber( double dTonnage )
  {
    nfSelected = aNF[iRowIndex];

    return nfSelected.format( dTonnage );
  } // end formatDate


  public void loadData()
  {
    aRows[0] = new JIBSEMRow( 
       12345,  "Annie Oakley", 
       50000.00f, java.sql.Date.valueOf("1998-05-19"), 
       25000.5, Locale.US );

    aRows[1] = new JIBSEMRow( 
       22345,  "Jeanne d'Arc", 
       379077.5f, java.sql.Date.valueOf("1999-06-15"), 
       25000.5, Locale.FRANCE );

    aRows[2] = new JIBSEMRow( 
       32345,  "Ludi Beethoven", 
       113027.5f, java.sql.Date.valueOf("2000-12-01"), 
       25000.5, Locale.GERMANY );

    aRows[3] = new JIBSEMRow( 
       42345,  "\u0414\u044f\u0434\u044f " + 
               "\u0412\u0430\u043D\u044F", 
       1551500f, java.sql.Date.valueOf("2001-03-15"), 
       25000.5, new Locale( "ru", "RU") );
    for( int i = 0; i < aRows.length; i++ )
    {
      aoTableData[i][0] = new Integer(aRows[i].getID());
      aoTableData[i][1] = aRows[i].getName();
    }
  }  // end loadData


  public void loadFromResourceBundle()
  {
    try
    { // get the PropertyResourceBundle
      rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle( sRBName, 
                                     getLocale() );
      // get data associated with keys
      jlTitle.setText( rb.getString( "title" ));
      asHeaders[0] = rb.getString( "Engineer" );
      asHeaders[1] = rb.getString( "Name" );

      jlE.setText( asHeaders[0] + ":" );
      jlEdit.setText( rb.getString( "Edit" ));
      jlCurrent.setText( rb.getString( "Current" ));
      jlCI.setText( rb.getString( "Salary" ));
      jlDI.setText( rb.getString( "Date" ));
      jlNI.setText( rb.getString( "Tons" ));
    } // end try
    catch( MissingResourceException mre )
    {
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
        "ResourceBundle problem;\n" +
        "Specific error: " + mre.getMessage(), 
        "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }
  } // end loadFromResourceBundle


  // ActionListener Implementation
  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
  {
    Object oSource = ae.getSource();

    boolean bError = false;
    java.util.Date d = null;
    Number n = null,
           nCur = null;
    
    try
    {
      nCur = cfSelected.parse( jtCI.getText() );
      d = dfSelected.parse( jtDI.getText() );
      n = nfSelected.parse( jtNI.getText() );
    }
    catch( ParseException pe ) 
    { 
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
      pe.getMessage(), "", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
      bError = true;
    }

    if( bError == false )
    {
      aRows[iRowIndex].setSalary( nCur.floatValue() );
      jtCD.setText( jtCI.getText() );
      aRows[iRowIndex].setHireDate( d );
      jtDD.setText( jtDI.getText() );
      aRows[iRowIndex].setTonnage( n.doubleValue() );
      jtND.setText( jtDI.getText() );
      jtbl.requestFocus();
    }
  }  // End actionPerformed


// FocusListener Implementation
  public void focusGained(FocusEvent fe)
  {
    ((Component)fe.getSource()).transferFocus();
  }  // End focusGained
  public void focusLost(FocusEvent fe) {}  


// ListSelectionListener Implementation
  public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent lse)
  {
    if( lse.getValueIsAdjusting() ) { return; }

    iRowIndex = jtbl.getSelectedRow();    
    
    JIBSEMRow row = aRows[iRowIndex];
    jlEID.setText( "" + row.getID() );
    jlEName.setText(row.getName());
    jlLName.setText(row.getLocale().getDisplayName());
    cfSelected = aCF[iRowIndex];
    nfSelected = aNF[iRowIndex];

    jtCI.setText( formatCurrency( row.getSalary() ));
    jtCD.setText( jtCI.getText());
    jtDI.setText( formatDate( row.getHireDate() ));
    jtDD.setText( jtDI.getText());
    jtNI.setText( formatNumber(row.getTonnage() ));
    jtND.setText( jtNI.getText());
  } // end valueChanged


// Window Listener Implementation
  public void windowOpened(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
  {
    dispose();
    System.exit(0);
  }
  public void windowClosed(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowIconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowActivated(WindowEvent we) {}
  public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we) {}
// End Window Listener Implementation


  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    new JIBSEM();
  }  // end main

}  // end class JIBSEM

JIBSEMATM.java

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class JIBSEMATM extends AbstractTableModel
{
  Object rowData[][];
  
  Object columnNames[];

  public JIBSEMATM( Object[][] oData, 
                    Object[]   oCloumns ) 
  {
    rowData = oData;
    columnNames = oCloumns;
  } // end constructor

  
  public String getColumnName(int column) 
  {
    return columnNames[column].toString();
  }


  public int getRowCount() 
  { 
    return rowData.length; 
  }


  public int getColumnCount() 
  {
    return columnNames.length;
  }


  public Object getValueAt(int row, int col) 
  {
    return rowData[row][col];
  }

} // end class JIBSEMATM

JIBSEMRow.java

import java.util.*;


public class JIBSEMRow
{
  // Employee ID
  private int    ID;

  // Employee name
  private String Name;

  // Salary
  private float  Salary;

  // Hire Date
  private Date   HireDate;

  // Responsible Tonnage
  private double Tonnage;
  
  // Locale
  private Locale Locale;


  public JIBSEMRow( int iID,         String sName, 
                    float fSalary,   Date dHireDate, 
                    double dTonnage, Locale lLocale )
  {
    ID = iID;
    Name = sName;
    Salary = fSalary;
    HireDate = dHireDate;
    Tonnage = dTonnage;
    this.Locale = lLocale;
  } // end constructor


  public int getID()
  {
    return ID;
  }


  public String getName()
  {
    return Name;
  }


  public float getSalary()
  {
    return Salary;
  }


  public Date getHireDate()
  {
    return HireDate;
  }


  public double getTonnage()
  {
    return Tonnage;
  }



  public java.util.Locale getLocale()
  {
    return this.Locale;
  }



  public void setID( int iID )
  {
    ID = iID;
  }


  public void setName( String sName )
  {
    Name = sName;
  }


  public void setSalary( float fSalary )
  {
    Salary = fSalary;
  }


  public void setHireDate( Date dHireDate )
  {
    HireDate = dHireDate;
  }


  public void setTonnage( double dTonnage )
  {
    Tonnage = dTonnage;
  }
  
  public void setLocale( java.util.Locale lLocale )
  {
    this.Locale = lLocale;
  }


  public void report()
  {
    System.out.println( "JIBSEMRow reporting: " );
    System.out.println( toString() );
  }


  public String toString()
  {
    return ( "ID is: "        + ID +
           ", Name is: "      + Name +
           ", Salary is: "    + Salary +
           ", HireDate is : " + HireDate +
           ", Tonnage is : "  + Tonnage + 
           ", Locale is: "    + this.Locale );
  }

} // end class JIBSEMRow

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static.content.url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/js/artrating/

SITE_ID=1

Zone=Java technology

ArticleID=131609

TutorialTitle=Java internationalization basics

publish-date=04232002

author1-email=joesam@conceptgo.com

author1-email-cc=

About this tutorial
Introduction
Overview of the Java platform support for I18N
Unicode and Java characters
Providing localized resources
Working with dates, numbers, and currencies
Putting the pieces together
Wrap-up
Appendix A: Complete code listings
Resources
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