Important: Read the disclaimer before reading this article.
This article is written for IBM® DB2® Universal Database^TM for Linux, UNIX®, and Windows®

Introduction

This short article is intended for those who are new to DB2 UDB and wish to understand how to manipulate dates and times. Most people who have worked with other databases are pleasantly surprised by how easy it is in DB2 UDB.

The basics

To get the current date, time, and timestamp using SQL, reference the appropriate DB2 registers:

 
SELECT current date FROM sysibm.sysdummy1 
SELECT current time FROM sysibm.sysdummy1 
SELECT current timestamp FROM sysibm.sysdummy1 

The sysibm.sysdummy1 table is a special in-memory table that can be used to discover the value of DB2 registers as illustrated above. You can also use the VALUES keyword to evaluate the register or expression. For example, from the DB2 Command Line Processor (CLP), the following SQL statements reveal similar information:

 
VALUES current date 
VALUES current time 
VALUES current timestamp 

For the remaining examples, I will simply provide the function or expression without repeating SELECT ... FROM sysibm.sysdummy1 or using the VALUES clause.

To get the current time or current timestamp adjusted to GMT/CUT, subtract the current timezone register from the current time or timestamp:

 
current time - current timezone 
current timestamp - current timezone 

Given a date, time, or timestamp, you can extract (where applicable) the year, month, day, hour, minutes, seconds, and microseconds portions independently using the appropriate function:

 
YEAR (current timestamp) 
MONTH (current timestamp) 
DAY (current timestamp) 
HOUR (current timestamp) 
MINUTE (current timestamp) 
SECOND (current timestamp) 
MICROSECOND (current timestamp) 

Extracting the date and time independently from a timestamp is also very easy:

 
DATE (current timestamp) 
TIME (current timestamp) 

You can also perform date and time calculations using, for lack of a better term, English:

 
current date + 1 YEAR 
current date + 3 YEARS + 2 MONTHS + 15 DAYS 
current time + 5 HOURS - 3 MINUTES + 10 SECONDS 

To calculate how many days there are between two dates, you can subtract dates as in the following:

 
days (current date) - days (date('1999-10-22')) 

And here is an example of how to get the current timestamp with the microseconds portion reset to zero:

 
CURRENT TIMESTAMP - MICROSECOND (current timestamp) MICROSECONDS 

If you want to concatenate date or time values with other text, you need to convert the value into a character string first. To do this, you can simply use the CHAR() function:

 
char(current date) 
char(current time) 
char(current date + 12 hours) 

To convert a character string to a date or time value, you can use:

 
TIMESTAMP ('2002-10-20-12.00.00.000000') 
TIMESTAMP ('2002-10-20 12:00:00') 
	DATE ('2002-10-20') 
	DATE ('10/20/2002') 
	TIME ('12:00:00') 
	TIME ('12.00.00') 

The TIMESTAMP(), DATE() and TIME() functions accept several more formats. The above formats are examples only and I'll leave it as an exercise for the reader to discover them.

 
 
SELECT DATE(2001-09-22) FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1; 

 
====== 
05/24/0006 

Back to top

Date functions

Sometimes, you need to know how the difference between two timestamps. For this, DB2 provides a built in function called TIMESTAMPDIFF(). The value returned is an approximation, however, because it does not account for leap years and assumes only 30 days per month. Here is an example of how to find the approximate difference in time between two dates:

 
timestampdiff (<n>, char( 
	timestamp('2002-11-30-00.00.00')- 
	timestamp('2002-11-08-00.00.00'))) 

In place of <n>, use one of the following values to indicate the unit of time for the result:

• 1 = Fractions of a second
• 2 = Seconds
• 4 = Minutes
• 8 = Hours
• 16 = Days
• 32 = Weeks
• 64 = Months
• 128 = Quarters
• 256 = Years

Using timestampdiff() is more accurate when the dates are close together than when they are far apart. If you need a more precise calculation, you can use the following to determine the difference in time (in seconds):

 
(DAYS(t1) - DAYS(t2)) * 86400 + 
(MIDNIGHT_SECONDS(t1) - MIDNIGHT_SECONDS(t2)) 

For convenience, you can also create an SQL user-defined function of the above:

 
CREATE FUNCTION secondsdiff(t1 TIMESTAMP, t2 TIMESTAMP) 
RETURNS INT 
RETURN ( 
(DAYS(t1) - DAYS(t2)) * 86400 + 
(MIDNIGHT_SECONDS(t1) - MIDNIGHT_SECONDS(t2)) 
) 
@ 

If you need to determine if a given year is a leap year, here is a useful SQL function you can create to determine the number of days in a given year:

 
CREATE FUNCTION daysinyear(yr INT) 
RETURNS INT 
RETURN (CASE (mod(yr, 400)) WHEN 0 THEN 366 ELSE 
        CASE (mod(yr, 4))   WHEN 0 THEN 
        CASE (mod(yr, 100)) WHEN 0 THEN 365 ELSE 366 END 
        ELSE 365 END 
	END)@ 

Finally, here is a chart of built-in functions for date manipulation. The intent is to help you quickly identify a function that might fit your needs, not to provide a full reference. Consult the SQL Reference for more information on these functions.

Back to top

Changing the date format

A common question I get often relates to the presentation of dates. The default format used for dates is determined by the territory code of the database (which can be specified at database creation time). For example, my database was created using territory=US. Therefore the date format looks like the following:

 
 
values current date 
1 
---------- 
05/30/2003 
 
1 record(s) selected. 

That is, the format is MM/DD/YYYY. If you want to change the format, you can bind the collection of db2 utility packages to use a different date format. The formats supported are:

To change the default format to ISO on windows (YYYY-MM-DD), do the following steps:

1. On the command line, change your current directory to sqllib\bnd.

   For example:
   On Windows: c:\program files\IBM\sqllib\bnd
   On UNIX:/home/db2inst1/sqllib/bnd

2. Connect to the database from the operating system shell as a user with SYSADM authority:

   db2 connect to DBNAME db2 bind @db2ubind.lst datetime ISO blocking all grant public

   
   (In your case, substitute your database name and desired date format for DBNAME and ISO, respectively.)

Now, you can see that the database uses ISO date format:

 
 
values current date 
1 
---------- 
2003-05-30 
 
  1 record(s) selected. 
 

Back to top

Custom Date/Time Formatting

In the last example, we demonstrated how to change the way DB2 presents dates in some localized formats. But what if you wish to have a custom format such as 'yyyymmdd'? The best way to do this is by writing your own custom formatting function.

Here is the UDF:

 
create function ts_fmt(TS timestamp, fmt varchar(20)) 
returns varchar(50) 
return 
with tmp (dd,mm,yyyy,hh,mi,ss,nnnnnn) as 
( 
    select 
    substr( digits (day(TS)),9), 
    substr( digits (month(TS)),9) , 
    rtrim(char(year(TS))) , 
    substr( digits (hour(TS)),9), 
    substr( digits (minute(TS)),9), 
    substr( digits (second(TS)),9), 
    rtrim(char(microsecond(TS))) 
    from sysibm.sysdummy1 
    ) 
select 
case fmt 
    when 'yyyymmdd' 
        then yyyy || mm || dd 
    when 'mm/dd/yyyy' 
        then mm || '/' || dd || '/' || yyyy 
    when 'yyyy/dd/mm hh:mi:ss' 
        then yyyy || '/' || mm || '/' || dd || ' ' ||  
               hh || ':' || mi || ':' || ss 
    when 'nnnnnn' 
        then nnnnnn 
    else 
        'date format ' || coalesce(fmt,' <null> ') ||  
        ' not recognized.' 
    end 
from tmp 
</null>

The function code may appear complex at first, but upon closer examination, you'll see that it is actually quite simple and elegant. First, we use a common table expression (CTE) to strip apart a timestamp (the first input parameter) into its individual components. From there, we check the format provided (the second input parameter) and reassemble the timestamp using the requested format and parts.

The function is also very flexible. To add another pattern simply append another WHEN clause with the expected format. When an unexpected pattern is encountered, an error message is returned.

Usage examples:

 
values ts_fmt(current timestamp,'yyyymmdd') 
 '20030818' 
values ts_fmt(current timestamp,'asa')  
 'date format asa not recognized.' 

Back to top

Summary

These examples answer the most common questions I've encountered on dates and times. I'll update this article with more examples if feedback suggests that I should. (In fact, I've updated this three times already... thanks to readers).

Acknowledgements

Bill Wilkins, DB2 Partner Enablement
Randy Talsma

Disclaimer

This article contains sample code. IBM grants you ("Licensee") a non-exclusive, royalty free, license to use this sample code. However, the sample code is provided as-is and without any warranties, whether EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IBM AND ITS LICENSORS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES SUFFERED BY LICENSEE THAT RESULT FROM YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE. IN NO EVENT WILL IBM OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, HOWEVER CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF IBM HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Resources

• Visit the developerWorks Information Management zone to expand your skills on a wide variety of IBM Information Management products.
  
  
• Now you can use DB2 for free. Download DB2 Express-C, a no-charge version of DB2 Express Edition for the community that offers the same core data features as DB2 Express Edtion and provides a solid base to build and deploy applications.
  
  
• Visit the developerWorks resource page for DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows to read articles and tutorials and connect to other resources to expand your DB2 skills.
  
  

About the author

Rate this article

Comments

Back to top

Table of contents

• Introduction
• The basics
• Date functions
• Changing the date format
• Custom Date/Time Formatting
• Summary
• Resources
• About the author
• Comments

Next steps from IBM

• Try: DB2 Enterprise
• Demo: Create an electronic form solution with DB2 pureXML and Lotus Forms
• Community: DB2
• Buy: DB2 Enterprise

Dig deeper into Information Management on developerWorks

Try IBM PureSystems. No charge.

Experience today!

---

Get started with the cloud-based trial and pattern development kit.

Special offers