Ali Arsanjani, PhD, is Chief Architect for the SOA and Web Services Center of Excellence within IBM Global Services, specializing in harvesting and developing best-practices for the modeling, analysis, design and implementation of SOA and Web Services. He leads the internal IBM worldwide SOA & Web Services Community of Practice (5000+ members) and is the principal author of the (Service-oriented Modeling and Architecture) SOMA method for SOA. He is currently focusing on SOA Tooling with support for Modeling (SOMA), Assessments, Strategy and Planning, Governance, Architecture and Realization and their practical application to engagements inside and outside of IBM.

How SOA can impact economics: The Shift to Service Economy

Amidst the current economic downturn, and in the mist of the survival instinct that is perculating around the world, it is tough to sit back and observe trends.

But one unmistakable trend is that countries are shifting from an industry-focused economy (e.g., manufacturing, see the collapse of manufacturing toward a service economy.

The impetus for this gradual change include globalization, technological change,and an overwhelming demand for (cheaper and cheaper) services. In observing this shift, it becomes increasingly clear that services and the service economy play an important role in today‘s and tomorrow‘s businesses.

As a reflection of this trend, a realization or crystalization of the trend, service ecosystems have emerged: including GrandCentral, eBay, Google Base, Amazon.com, SalesForce.com, and SAP Business by Design to name a few.

Such marketplaces enable trading products and also services between various legal entities and with consumers (sometimes referred to as the anonymous legal entity). One major challenge for service ecosystems is the fact that services are not products or goods.

This has the potential to change the game.

Services have become Pervasive, and SOA Continues to Morph and Evolve

SOA continues to evolve through economic downturns and bends in the road. SOA has evolved into a set of underlying principles, concepts, technologies, paradigm and patterns of designing and building software; all predicated on a set of loosely coupled services that collectively support an organization's business processes and goals.

These services provides the enterprise with an adaptive or agile capability to morph and transform itself in the face of environmental change.

As we look at the SOA Maturity Model we have called SIMM (Service Integration Maturity Model), we see a clear evolution path:

1. Simple Services (level 4.0 to 4.9) from 2005 -2007

2. Composite Services (level 5.0 to 5.9) from 2007 – 2009

now we see a lot of interest in paradigms and technologies that are BASED on Service principles, namely

3. SIMM level 6, Virtualized Services, in the form of Software-as-a-service (Saas) and Cloud Computing.

Services have become Pervasive, they can be found in many of the recent initiatives including Mashups, BPM, Infrastructure, Enterprise Architecture, Governance, etc.

The notion of an SOA is finding new applications in new areas and continues to morph and integrate into new things, ingesting new use-cases but retaining the base principles of service-oriented computing.

The Domain of Variation-oriented Analysis and Design (VOAD)

In an effort to be responsive to a number of requests for an update to my old manuscript for "Principles of Advanced Software Engineering: Variation-oriented Analysis, Design and Implementation", let me give you folks some background on the subject.

[Background]

Originally, I wrote a manuscript back in 1999–2000 and used it to teach my classes of Graduate students in computer science for my advanced software engineering class. Since then I and a number of my colleagues have written several articles on this subject and have extended it into various domains: Variation-oriented engineering, variation-oriented requirements analysis, VOAD for SOA Solutions in addition to the base variation-oriented analysis and design. This topic also relates to my work on patterns for stability and symmetry in software architecture which I was writing for the pattern languages of programming conferences. I also did a blog entry on VOA that describes the high level basics of this paradigm.

[More Current]

VOAD is an integral part of the SOMA method for building end to end enterprise and applications solutions based on SOA principles (whether or not you have a full SOA implementation in mind. VOAD intersects with another very important notion that I have been researching and applying on projects, namely, context-aware services (CAS). Manners externalize semantics for on-demand composition of context-aware services.

Manners define the context-aware behavior that is needed in order to externalize component manners to achieve greater maintainability and reuse. This article shows how you apply VOAD in order externalize the changing aspects of the software, so you can decrease maintenance costs, enhance reuse and actually increase flexibility in design and implementation of your software solution. This is a rather popular article and has been cited in a number of other publications .

I think this is because we show the practical application of VOA to create a dynamically reconfigurable architectural style. Also, I believe this element is one of the characteristics that will be needed in more mature SOA Solutions. So as organization‘s adoption increases, they will need more mature ways of doing SOA, and VOAD is a key to achieving that.

Empowering the business analyst for on demand computing explores Grammar-oriented object design (GOOD) which is the way in which we apply VOAD for externalizing manners. This article describes a project we did in the public sector for harmonization of multiple redundant business processes across the world. This is immediately reminiscent of the value that VOA brings: one of which is to consolidate business processes and optimize them by eliminating redundancy.

I suspect that is why I am getting these emails on putting more out there on VOAD and to update my older work to reflect the impact and opportunities for SOA. I get the message :-) and will do so.

SOMA: A method for developing enterprise-level and application-specific service-oriented solutions

A new article in the IBM systems journal is out on SOMA that describes the method in a bit more detail than I did in 2004. This article describes a method that has now exercised hundreds of projects successfully and thousands trained worldwide in its delivery. This edition also features a number of articles on SOA.

Here is the abstract:

Service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA) has been used to conduct projects of varying scope in multiple industries worldwide for the past five years. We report on the usage and structure of the method used to effectively analyze, design, implement, and deploy service-oriented architecture (SOA) projects as part of a fractal model of software development. We also assert that the construct of a service and service modeling, although introduced by SOA, is a software engineering best practice for which an SOA method aids both SOA usage and adoption. In this paper we present the latest updates to this method and share some of the lessons learned. The SOMA method incorporates the key aspects of overall SOA solution design and delivery and is integrated with existing software development methods through a set of placeholders for key activity areas, forming what we call solution templates. We also present a fractal model of software development that can enable the SOMA method to evolve in an approach that goes beyond the iterative and incremental and instead leverages method components and patterns in a recursive, self-similar manner opportunistically at points of variability in the life cycle.

Objects, Components, Services and ...

SOA is the next step in software engineering. The service-oriented paradigm comes to an increasing degree of maturity roughly 5 years after what I consider to be the start of serious corporate adoption.

We migrated from procedural computing to object-based and object-oriented computing. Then we moved to improve the state of objects with component-based software engineering. Now, we have evolved our best-practices as an industry and in academia and have moved into the era of service-oriented computing.

The gradual adoption and service maturity can be seen to move along a spectrum we have depicted in the Service Integration Maturity Model.

Here we have seven levels of maturity across 7 dimensions from infrastructure to the business architecture.

The implication of this paradigm shift is that the best-practices of service orientation need to be integrated into the fabric of software engineering to be utilized on projects that (this is important, so you may want to mute the TV for a second) SOA may either not be part of it or a very small part of the project. Still, you would use SOA PRINCIPLES such as using the service model for a specification of the required functionality within a project or an enterprise.

What are your views on the use of SOA principles on non-SOA projects?

Service Litmus Tests and Economics (Governance included)

In the world of SOA, the economics of funding determines what services actually get funded to be developed. This is why we need a set of criteria by which we can assess which candidate services are a priority for inclusion in your next budget cycle. We call these criteria or gating factors, the Service Litmus Tests (SLTs). SLTs are included in SOMA , the de facto end to end SOA Development Method .

Not all candidate services should be implemented as services; we may not have enough budget for that. But here this: we STILL need the functionality of the services that fail to pass the SLTs. Therefore those services still need to be implemented as part of some service component or realized by an application.

Economics is hand in glove with governance and of course SOA Gov includes the issues of economics, funding and budgets and ownership.

Software Simulation, Rules and Patterns

Lots of SOA projects later, I have finally gotten back to this blog.

I am seeing a large surge in SOA projects, each with greater maturity and more complex needs; but some of the basic remain the same. Often, projectsface unpredictable and complex human situations which may defy rigorous algorithms and require the soft art of consulting. Some are attempting to bridle this erratic and unpredictable aspect of human and group behavior. More of the SOA Projects later.

A recent post by the Univ of Arizona talks about the development of a software that sifts through tons of data and "will use sophisticated computational methods based on game theory, co-evolution and genetic development models to find solutions that make sense in illogical times. Genetic algorithms analyze situations in an evolutionary context, where actions with the highest “fitness factor” (chance of achieving the greatest success) gravitate toward one another, produce offspring and eventually rise to the top."

This form of evolutionary, convergent behavioral computing promises to be used in more and more simulation situations.

Typically, rule engines are cluncky (technical term) and finding relations between multiple rules is a tricky proposition.

Patterns can help. For example, the Business Rule Pattern Language I have documented starts with a lighteweight way of handling rules and moves into increasingly complex ways of handling rules within object oriented applications.

Follwing its use on three past projects, I have recently revised this pattern language to support SOA. I have gotten quite a bit of email requesting this and I am responding by saying that I will be publishing a draft soon.

Do you want an iPhone?

As people stood in line sometimes a day before the big day, June 29, I was thinking of the partnership between Apple and AT&T. What about other Service providers who provide wireless services; could they not interoperate and have a device, which theoretically might be provider agnostic work with their phone was well? Of course economics, partnerships and politics are the key driving forces here...

So in the world of SOA, economics, partnerships and politics play a significant role as well. In the world of SOA, the economics of funding determines what services actually get funded to be developed. This is why we need a set of criteria by which we can assess which candidate services are a priority for inclusion in your next budget cycle. We call these criteria or gating factors, the Service Litmus Tests (SLTs). They are embedded in SOMA , the de facto end to end SOA Development Method.

An SOA Reference Architecture: The SOA Solution Stack

We have recently elaborated on our version of the SOA Reference Architecture based on a large number of client projects.

The details can be found at : SOA Reference Architecture

If you have comments or questions about the article, please feel free to attach them to this blog as comments.

SOA Solutions are Hybird

SOA Solutions are most often hybrid solutions. Yes, they focus on a set of services; but they often do not soley rely on services for the realization of the functionality that needs to be in place for the business.

SOA solutions tend to rely on a combination of architectural styles and implementation and realization constructs to craft the underpinnings of an SOA solution. The SOMA method utilizes a combination of approaches to Service Identification. This includes 6 perspectives: top-down business process driven, business policy and rule-driven approaches, bottom up legacy integration, bottom-up legacy transformation (intrusive changes to rip out legacy modules and expose them via access points), information as a service typically used to consolidate multiple backend data stores and resolve inconsistencies in the access, rules and synchronization of the data stores and lastly the message-driven approach which seeks to integrate systems using a service interface.

Among the approaches above, although some are more established than others, information as a service affords a unique perspective in solving challenges relating to information. For example, data access interfaces and their underlying data access logic might need to be externalized judiciously if multiple channels are seeking to access and manipulate data from potentially multiple access points. The need for consolidation, synchronization and management of the data along with the need to have a coherent set of policies be applied to the data calls for the information service “entry point” to SOA.

Service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA) has become the industry de facto standard for SOA Methods. Introduced by IBM in Jan 2005, released recently as RUP/SOMA 2.4, it covers the identification, specification, realization and implementation of services, components, flows (processes), information and composition.

SOMA uses Information Analysis, Modeling and Planning during identification, an Information Specification during design and a number of artifacts during Realization and Implementation including considerations for Enterprise Information, Master Data Management, Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Models.

The Letters in S, O and A

[b]S[/b]ervice. Refers to how we use a service interface as a contract to decouple or loosely-couple a service provider from their prospective service consumers. Providers publish services, prefereably and increasingly in registries or service repositories (where they can be better governed). Consumers are looking for capabilities / functionality along with a set of non-functional requirements or service level agreements (SLA) that they want to be able to declaratively specify.

Services allow a business to expose its main operations to a well defined set of partners, clients and world at large, without giving direct access to its underlying IT systems, butthrough the surrogate of a web service.

The structure of an SOA, introduces services at an architectural level (a layer dedicated to services in the architecture).



In object-oriented programming we tried to separate interfaces from implementation. IN SOA, we have carried that programming practice up to the architectural level and now have a layer dedicated to enforce that programming best-practice at a design level.

[b]O[/b]riented. The orientation is not object-orientation or component-orientation, but rather, service-orientation. This orientation is a tendency towards using services above the other options; not to exclude those options. Thus, when we apply the service litmus tests to the portfolio of candidate services we will end up with a smaller set of services and a number of other capabilities that still need to be implemented using some technology: legacy, package or custom, even if it is not a web services implementation.

[b]A[/b]rchitecture. SOA is a style of architecture and relies on the sound principles of software architecture, including the fact that it is merely one style, to be combined with other styles to form hybrid solutions to handle complex projects and real-world situations. Booch talks about bringing the 'A' back into SOA. I would say that as we overcome the hype of the acronym, we turn our attention to each letter and take action on what it signifies; including the A part for Architecture.

IBM's SOA Method: SOMA, Service-oriented Modeling and Architecture

[First a bit of history]. SOMA, IBM's SOA Method is now (officially) 2 years old. On Nov 9, 2004, I published a short paper describing IBM's SOA method: Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture (SOMA) . We had been working on extending current methods for SOA before that, and I have documented our efforts in a SOA redbook (chapter four) which describes a primitive version of SOMA.

Since then, a lot of work went into the method and SOMA took a quantum leap in 2004–2006 timeframe, as we formed teams around it and have successfully completed a very large number of projects in various industries and geographies and have taught about a thousand consultants and many clients to effectively use and deploy this method when designing SOA.

Chances are that an SOA project will need to do a bit more than ad hoc web services implementation and need a bit of design. Some may even need some analysis of services components and flows, which are the fundamental elements of an SOA.

Current methods do not have support for SOA and its fundamental constructs. This is where you can use SOMA, to identify, specify, design and realize the services, components and flows(processes) of your SOA.

Based on a large number of project experiences over 2002–2004, we extended existing analysis and design methods, including global services method, which is an internal IBM proprietary method, as well as the rational unified process (RUP) and added the tasks and work products and roles necessary for the analysis and design and implementation of a service-oriented architecture (SOMA 2.x).

[Cut to present]. Yesterday, IBM announced a number of important tool updates. One of the accompanying plug-ins for the Rational Method Composer includes SOMA on top of the familiar industry method, RUP. Previously, SOMA was only available with IBM's internal Global Services (GS) Method.

We have now extended this reach due to popular demand. This was a collaborative effort within IBM between Global Business Services (SOA and Web Services Center of Excellence‘s SOMA team) and Software Group‘s Rational division. Simon Johnston and I have been working to deliver SOMA on top of RUP. Not all tasks in a method have to do with services and SOA; so the underlying method, like RUP, can take care of more mundane tasks like use-case modeling, etc.

The end result of this work is the release of IBM RUP for Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture V2.4 , which represents the combination of the Rational Unified Process (including RUP for SOA) and IBM's proprietary method, SOMA.

This means that IBM has a single commercial method for the development of SOA solutions, whether you buy that method for your own use or you contract with IBM services; the customer gets the value of the combined experience of IBM‘s product and services communities.

SOMA is maturing based on new trends and new requirements; so you can expect to see further releases of RUP/SOMA in the future.

The Fractal Scope of Services and Consumer/Provider Roles

It is convenient to enforce the notion of scope in an SOA: "exposed services" only make sense when you define the scope and context in which they will be exposed. We refer to SOA as being fractal. This means that you can apply SOA and expose services in a fractal manner: you can define services for a project, a LOB, a few LOB's , an enterprise, an eco-system. For example, a Service Portfolio (part of the Service Model) will have an attribute of scope that helps define, for example, how each business unit has it's own set of services they use "internally" and also a set of services they expose "externally" to other LOBs and the rest of the enterprise. Each scope can be a Service Provider and a Service Consumer.

This addition of scope and role to the service model alleviates many issues in governance, boundaries, funding and indeed in the identification and specification of services in your SOA.

Variation-oriented Analysis and Design: Variations on a Theme

As the need for IT to absorb variations increases, with the demand for greater business flexibility,we are confronted with some basic questions: how do we design simple for today, to get the current job done, but not "box " ourselves in a corner so we can support the required flexibility ?

I think one major answer to this problem is Variation-oriented Analysis and Design (VOAD). VOAD consists of three main types or axes of variation: structural (type|data), process and policy/rule variations.

Structural variations are often based on the identification of Types: Customer Type has variations like Gold Customer, PLatinum Customer and Normal Customer. Often this relates to variations in the structure of the class, or of attributes and data associated with the entity (looking from both OO and Data views).

Process variations are when you recognize that a Gold Customer may start from a common base, but branch out into a different set of activities for registration or loan processing, for example.

Policy or Rule Variations relate to the Rules and Policies (Rules about rules) that apply for each Type of Customer, for example.

Clearly these three aspects of VOAD are related and complementary. It is often useful, in practice to distinguish and treat these three axes of variation.

Once you analyze the variations along each axis of variation, you come up with a set of variation points: things that will tend to change or remain less stable. Deal with each variation point by applying a pattern. For example if a variation point for calculation of interest is required for various types of Customers, then a Strategy Pattern would be used to handle / instantiate that variation point.

Note that variations tend to occur across all layers of an SOA..

Not all that changes is a variation that is warranted to capture and model: only those that are architecturally significant will be worth your while to consider. How do you tell? An architecturally significant variation is one in which impacts the architectural /design decisions you will make and have a trickle down effect that will influence subsequent decisions in how you will build your architecture (e.g., SOA). The “domino” that will alter the course of other decisions is a significant or relevant variation.

ANother FAQ is why focus on variations? Variations are more difficult to handle than commonalities. Previous literature focused more on identification of commonality which IMO has less of an architectural ripple effect than understanding, isolating and externalizing variations.

What do you think?

More Maturity Seen on SOA Projects

After quite a lot time of blog-draught for me, travelling frenzy overtaking me, as I travel to my clients and to share best-practices on SOA with my colleagues around the world, I find that we are indeed reaching a new phase transition in SOA. Last year I saw many look for solutions that called for the first phase of service modeling, namely what I call Identification. The latter part of last year and this year has been more of the next phase: Specification (design of services components and flows). Now we are beginning to see more of Realization of SOA; including prototypes that are expanded and strengthened into gradually more robust and production systems that support service level agreements...